【摘要】：祁連山地區(qū)在生物多樣性維持方面發(fā)揮著巨大的作用。近年來,由于人類行為與環(huán)境變化的影響,逐步增加了祁連山地區(qū)草原退化和荒漠化,生態(tài)脆弱性更加明顯,對經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會的可持續(xù)發(fā)展造成重大影響。迄今為止,前人對祁連山地區(qū)的植被方面的研究較多,對土壤微生物方面的報(bào)道相對較少,并且對該地區(qū)微生物資源很少進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)地調(diào)查研究。本研究選取了5個不同海拔、兩個不同深度共10個土壤樣品,通過平板計(jì)數(shù)、Biolog微量分析、高通量測序技術(shù),結(jié)合土壤理化性質(zhì)分析,對祁連山南麓中段的土壤微生物分布規(guī)律及多樣性進(jìn)行了研究,得出以下主要研究結(jié)果和結(jié)論:1、整個研究區(qū)域采樣點(diǎn)土壤pH屬于中性,最高為7.24,最低為6.81。電導(dǎo)率最高為89.6 mS/cm,最低為16.3 mS/cm,研究結(jié)果表明,每個樣點(diǎn)pH和電導(dǎo)率都隨著土壤深度的增加呈增大趨勢。pH和電導(dǎo)率表示土壤的鹽堿化程度,這就表明,土壤鹽堿化程度深層高于表層。AP、AK、SOC、TN含量與海拔和土壤深度呈負(fù)相關(guān),即海拔越高、采樣深度越深,以上指標(biāo)相應(yīng)地越小,而以上指標(biāo)都代表著土壤的肥力。所以,所有指標(biāo)共同表明,隨著海拔和土壤深度的增加,祁連山地區(qū)土壤趨于貧瘠化和鹽堿化。2、對土壤微生物中細(xì)菌、放線菌、真菌三大類群微生物的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),研究區(qū)域可培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌數(shù)量的變化范圍為51×107~4.8×107 CFU/g,放線菌數(shù)量范圍為5.59×106~4.19×106 CFU/g,真菌數(shù)量變化范圍為5.98×105~1.92×105 CFU/g。祁連山地區(qū)可培養(yǎng)微生物數(shù)量特征為細(xì)菌放線菌真菌。其中,細(xì)菌的數(shù)量占絕大多數(shù),可以決定微生物數(shù)量的分布。三大類可培養(yǎng)微生物的數(shù)量在不同采樣深度的總體變化規(guī)律是相同的,海拔越高、采樣深度越深三大類微生物的數(shù)量越小。3、研究區(qū)域土壤微生物的總體活性變化趨勢為:24小時(shí)以內(nèi)活性較低基本沒有明顯的變化,24小時(shí)以后隨著培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的延長而逐步增大。0-10 cm層土壤微生物的多樣性指數(shù)H變化的幅度不是很大,而多樣性指數(shù)U隨海拔的升高明顯減小。經(jīng)相關(guān)性分析發(fā)現(xiàn)0-10 cm層微生物多樣性指數(shù)H與電導(dǎo)率呈顯著正相關(guān),多樣性指數(shù)U與海拔及pH呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與SOC、脲酶含量呈顯著正相關(guān)(10-20 cm層與其相似)。也就說明其土壤微生物的豐富度隨海拔的變化不大,主要受電導(dǎo)率的影響,但是均勻度主要受海拔、pH、SOC和脲酶的影響,研究區(qū)域不同海拔微生物的豐富度變化不明顯但均勻度變化較大。5個樣點(diǎn)0-10 cm層的微生物利用的主要碳源都是酯類,氨基酸類次之,糖類最低(1號樣點(diǎn)除外)。微生物對碳源的利用情況與環(huán)境因子的相關(guān)性分析發(fā)現(xiàn)微生物對六大類碳源的利用與pH呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與電導(dǎo)率、SOC、TN、脲酶等含量呈顯著正相關(guān)。10-20 cm層的微生物利用的主要碳源也是酯類,氨基酸類次之,糖類最低。4、MiSeq宏基因組測序:Chao/Ace指數(shù)、Shannon指數(shù)、Simpson指數(shù)以及OTU聚類分析共同表明,在不同的海拔高度和土壤深度的樣品中,研究區(qū)域微生物的物種豐富度和均勻度差異都較顯著,隨著海拔高度的增加表現(xiàn)為先增大后降低的趨勢,而且上層土壤高于深層土壤。10個樣品中優(yōu)勢菌群都是變形菌門(Proteobacteria)、放線菌門(Actinobacteria)、疣微菌門(Verrucomicrobia)和酸桿菌門(Acidobacteria)。不同土壤深度四類優(yōu)勢菌群的數(shù)量差異顯著。酸桿菌門的數(shù)量都是深層多于表層,相反地變形菌門的數(shù)量都是表層高于深層,放線菌門和疣微菌門的數(shù)量與土壤深度的變化沒有明顯的規(guī)律。對理化因子與微生物數(shù)量的相關(guān)性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),10個樣點(diǎn)微生物的數(shù)量與有機(jī)質(zhì)、SOC、TN、脲酶、蔗糖酶、過氧化氫酶等有顯著的相關(guān)性。本研究較為系統(tǒng)地闡明了祁連山南麓中段地區(qū)土壤微生物的群落結(jié)構(gòu)特征及其影響因素。揭示了該區(qū)域內(nèi)不同海拔、不同深度土壤微生物的多樣性。為祁連山地區(qū)生態(tài)保護(hù)與修復(fù)提供科學(xué)支撐,并為應(yīng)用微生物技術(shù)在祁連山地區(qū)進(jìn)行環(huán)境治理提供科學(xué)依據(jù)和種質(zhì)資源。
[Abstract]:The Qilian Mountains play an important role in maintaining biodiversity. In recent years, due to the influence of human behavior and environmental change, the grassland degradation and desertification in the Qilian Mountains have been gradually increased. The ecological fragility is more obvious, which has a great impact on the sustainable development of economy and society. In this study, 10 soil samples were selected from 5 different altitudes and 2 different depths, and the soil physical and chemical properties were combined by plate counting, Biolog microanalysis, high-throughput sequencing technology. The distribution and diversity of soil microorganisms in the middle part of the southern foot of the Qilian Mountains were studied by qualitative analysis. The main results and conclusions were as follows: 1. Soil pH in the whole study area was neutral, the highest was 7.24, the lowest was 6.81. The highest conductivity was 89.6 mS/cm, the lowest was 16.3 mS/cm. The results showed that pH and electricity of each sampling point were neutral. PH and conductivity indicate that the salinization degree of soil is higher in the deep layer than in the surface layer. AP, AK, SOC and TN contents are negatively correlated with the altitude and soil depth, that is, the higher the altitude, the deeper the sampling depth, the smaller the above indicators correspondingly, and the above indicators represent the soil. Soil fertility. Therefore, all indicators show that with the increase of altitude and soil depth, the soil in Qilian Mountains tends to be barren and saline-alkaline. 2. The study of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soil microorganisms found that the number of culturable bacteria in the study area ranged from 51 *107 to 4.8 *107 CFU/g, actinomycetes. The number of culturable microorganisms in Qilian Mountains ranged from 5.59 *106 to 4.19 *106 CFU/g, and the number of fungi ranged from 5.98 *105 to 1.92 *105 CFU/g. The quantity of culturable microorganisms in Qilian Mountains was characterized by bacterial actinomycetes. The overall change law is the same, the higher the altitude, the deeper the sampling depth, the smaller the number of three types of microorganisms. 3. The overall change trend of soil microbial activity in the study area is as follows: the activity of soil microorganisms within 24 hours is low, basically no significant change, 24 hours later with the extension of cultivation time and gradually increase the number of soil microorganisms. The correlation analysis showed that the microbial diversity index H in 0-10 cm layer was positively correlated with electrical conductivity, and the diversity index U was negatively correlated with altitude and pH, and positively correlated with SOC and urease content (similar to 10-20 cm layer). The results showed that the richness of soil microorganisms changed little with altitude and was mainly affected by electrical conductivity, but the uniformity was mainly affected by altitude, pH, SOC and urease. The richness of microorganisms at different altitudes in the study area did not change significantly but the uniformity changed greatly. The main carbon sources used by microorganisms in 0-10 cm layers of 5 plots were esters and ammonia. Microbial utilization of the six carbon sources was negatively correlated with pH, and positively correlated with conductivity, SOC, TN, urease, etc. The main carbon sources used by microorganisms in the 10-20 cm layer were esters and amino acids. MiSeq macrogenome sequencing: Chao/Ace index, Shannon index, Simpson index and OTU cluster analysis showed that there were significant differences in species richness and evenness of microorganisms in the study area at different altitudes and soil depths. The dominant bacteria in 10 samples were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Acidobacteria. The number of dominant bacteria in different soil depths was significantly different. On the contrary, the number of Proteus in the surface layer was higher than that in the deep layer, and the number of actinomycetes and verrucous microflora had no obvious relationship with soil depth. This study systematically elucidated the characteristics of soil microbial community structure and its influencing factors in the middle part of the southern foot of the Qilian Mountains, revealed the diversity of soil microorganisms at different altitudes and depths in the region, provided scientific support for ecological protection and restoration in the Qilian Mountains, and provided scientific support for the application of microbial technology in the Qilian Mountains. The area provides scientific basis and germplasm resources for environmental control.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S154.3

【共引文獻(xiàn)】

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