【摘要】：本文針對(duì)當(dāng)前設(shè)施蔬菜生產(chǎn)中由于施肥不合理而導(dǎo)致肥料利用率降低、土壤質(zhì)量退化、蔬菜產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)下降等系列問(wèn)題,以沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)園藝學(xué)院1988年建立的蔬菜施肥長(zhǎng)期定位試驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ),選取其中10個(gè)與土壤鉀相關(guān)的處理(有機(jī)肥部分5個(gè)處理：?jiǎn)问┯袡C(jī)肥AN0、有機(jī)肥和鉀肥配施AK、有機(jī)肥和氮鉀肥配施ANK、有機(jī)肥和磷鉀肥配施APK、有機(jī)肥和氮磷鉀肥配施ANPK;不施用有機(jī)肥部分5個(gè)處理：不施用有機(jī)肥BN0、只施用鉀肥BK、只施用氮鉀肥BNK、只施用磷鉀肥BPK、只施用氮磷鉀肥BNPK)。通過(guò)田間試驗(yàn)與室內(nèi)分析相結(jié)合的方式,研究了長(zhǎng)期不同施肥對(duì)設(shè)施內(nèi)土壤鉀素剖面分布、番茄產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響,研究結(jié)果如下：(1)長(zhǎng)期施用肥料條件下,鉀素含量在土壤各層的變化差異顯著。土壤中速效鉀受不同施肥處理的影響較大,通過(guò)對(duì)0-20、20-40、40-60cm三個(gè)層次的土壤對(duì)比,結(jié)果表明增施有機(jī)肥可以大幅度提高土壤中速效鉀的含量,增施有機(jī)肥處理土層比不施用有機(jī)肥處理的土層速效鉀含量平均提高了49.99%、57.42%和45.90%。有機(jī)肥和鉀肥配施對(duì)于各層次速效鉀含量的提高也有很明顯的效果,以0-20cm土壤為例,AK處理各時(shí)期的土壤速效鉀含量分別達(dá)到了288.46mg·kg-1、211.83mg·kg-1、214.77mg·kg-1。各層次土壤速效鉀含量的變化與氮、磷、鉀素同有機(jī)肥的不同配施方法有著密切的聯(lián)系。(2)本試驗(yàn)的各處理對(duì)番茄土壤中緩效鉀影響較大,0-20、20-40、40-60cm的層次土壤中增施有機(jī)肥對(duì)土壤緩效鉀含量影響顯著,以開(kāi)花期為例,施用有機(jī)肥的處理比不施用有機(jī)肥的處理緩效鉀分別增加了286.97mg·kg-1、139.28mg·kg-1、184.66mg·kg-1。有機(jī)肥和鉀肥的配施對(duì)土壤緩效鉀含量的提升起到了較為明顯的效果。番茄不同生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育時(shí)期內(nèi)有機(jī)肥與鉀肥配施比單施有機(jī)肥的土壤速效鉀平均高出186.73mg·kg-1。在番茄不同的生育時(shí)期內(nèi),緩效鉀含量隨著土壤深度的加深而呈現(xiàn)逐漸降低的趨勢(shì)。(3)番茄土壤中全鉀的含量受不同施肥處理影響也比較大,0-20cm、20-40cm土層土壤全鉀含量差異顯著,在這兩個(gè)層次內(nèi),土壤全鉀的含量受到有機(jī)肥的影響較為明顯,有機(jī)肥的施入反而降低了該土壤內(nèi)全鉀的含量,而在40-60cm土層中番茄土壤全鉀含量差異不大。在0-20cm層次的土壤中,以處理BK的全鉀含量最高,可見(jiàn)施用鉀肥對(duì)提高土壤全鉀含量有較為明顯的作用。與速效鉀和緩效鉀不同,長(zhǎng)期施用有機(jī)肥反而降低了土壤全鉀含量的趨勢(shì),但效果并不顯著。長(zhǎng)期單施鉀肥對(duì)于提高土壤全鉀的含量效果明顯。(4)在長(zhǎng)期施肥情況下,各處理的番茄的葉片、莖桿、根系、果實(shí)間吸鉀量差異顯著。總體來(lái)看,增施有機(jī)肥配施氮肥的處理和有機(jī)肥與鉀肥配施的處理有利于促進(jìn)植株鉀的吸收。葉片吸鉀量最高的是ANPK處理為3.92%,莖桿吸鉀量最高的是ANPK處理為2.98%,根系吸鉀量最高的為AK處理,達(dá)到1.83%,而果實(shí)中BK表現(xiàn)最高,其次是BNPK,分別達(dá)到3.72%和3.71%。番茄各器官中,果實(shí)部分的吸鉀量要遠(yuǎn)高于其它部位,而根系吸鉀量占總吸鉀量比例較小,吸鉀量占總吸鉀量比例大體順序依次為果實(shí)葉片莖桿根系。番茄果實(shí)中,各處理的吸鉀量比例在30.2%-36.6%范圍內(nèi),番茄葉片中,各處理的吸鉀量比例在26.9%-35.0%范圍內(nèi),番茄莖桿中,各處理的吸鉀量比例在17.2%-27.7%范圍內(nèi),番茄根系中,各處理的吸鉀量比例在11.0%-16.6%范圍內(nèi)。(5)長(zhǎng)期施肥條件下,各處理番茄產(chǎn)量差異顯著。增施有機(jī)肥的處理要比不施有機(jī)肥處理的番茄產(chǎn)量高,平均每公頃增產(chǎn)5065.5kg,增幅為19.49%。處理ANPK的番茄產(chǎn)量最高,其次是處理BNPK處理,分別達(dá)到76732.5 kg.hm-2、60289.5kg.hm-2。施用有機(jī)肥的處理產(chǎn)量均高于對(duì)應(yīng)的不施有機(jī)肥的處理,而有機(jī)肥和氮磷鉀配合使用更有利于番茄產(chǎn)量的提高。在不施用有機(jī)肥的處理中,處理BN0和BNK的產(chǎn)量顯著高于處理BPK、BK,氮肥可以有效提高番茄產(chǎn)量,鉀肥在增產(chǎn)作用方面不明顯。(6)長(zhǎng)期施肥條件下,各處理的番茄品質(zhì)差異顯著,施用有機(jī)肥的處理可溶性糖含量要高于不施有機(jī)肥的處理,平均提高5.84%；有機(jī)肥和氮磷鉀肥配施對(duì)果實(shí)中可溶性糖含量的提高更為顯著,試驗(yàn)中ANPK處理達(dá)到5.56%,其次是處理BNPK,兩者與其它處理比較差異顯著。通過(guò)本試驗(yàn)可以看出磷鉀肥的配施比氮鉀肥配施能夠有效提高番茄果實(shí)中可溶性糖的含量。有機(jī)肥和氮磷鉀的配施能夠較為有效的調(diào)節(jié)有機(jī)酸的含量,處理ANPK有機(jī)酸含量最低,其次是處理BNPK。有機(jī)肥和氮磷鉀肥配施有提高果實(shí)糖酸比的功效,處理ANPK的糖酸比最高,其次是BNPK,且兩者之間與其它處理比較差異顯著,可見(jiàn)通過(guò)合理的施肥方式能夠顯著改善番茄的。各處理維生素C含量差異顯著,有機(jī)肥配施氮磷鉀肥能夠有效提高番茄果實(shí)維生素C的含量,處理ANPK、BNPK的維生素C含量最高,處理AN0、BN0的維生素C含量最低,且兩者與其他處理比較差異顯著。ANPK的維生素C含量比AN0高出10.3mg/kg-1, BNPK的維生素C含量比BN0高出5.4mg/kg-1。
[Abstract]:In this paper, 10 potassium-related treatments (Ministry of Organic Fertilizer) were selected based on the long-term fertilization experiment of vegetables established by the Horticulture College of Shenyang Agricultural University in 1988, aiming at the problems of fertilizer utilization rate, soil quality degradation, vegetable yield and quality decline caused by unreasonable fertilization in greenhouse vegetable production. It was divided into five treatments: organic fertilizer AN0, organic fertilizer and potassium fertilizer AK, organic fertilizer and nitrogen and potassium fertilizer ANK, organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer APK, organic fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer ANPK; no organic fertilizer part of the five treatments: no organic fertilizer BN0, only potassium fertilizer BK, only nitrogen and potassium fertilizer BNK, only phosphorus and potassium BPK, only nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer BPK. The effects of long-term fertilization on Soil Potassium profile distribution, tomato yield and quality in greenhouse were studied by field experiment and laboratory analysis. The results were as follows: (1) Under long-term fertilization conditions, potassium content in different soil layers varied significantly. The results showed that the content of available potassium in soil could be greatly increased by applying organic fertilizer. The content of available potassium in soil layer treated with organic fertilizer was 49.99%, 57.42% and 45.90% higher than that without organic fertilizer. The content of available potassium in soils treated with AK was 288.46 mg The organic fertilizer and potassium fertilizer had a significant effect on the content of slowly available potassium in tomato soil. Taking flowering stage as an example, the application of organic fertilizer increased the content of slowly available potassium by 286.97 mg kg 1, 139.28 mg kg 1, 184.66 mg kg 1, respectively, compared with the treatment without organic fertilizer. The soil available potassium content of tomato was 186.73 mg 6550 (3) The content of total potassium in tomato soil was also greatly affected by different fertilization treatments. The content of total potassium in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers was significantly different. In these two layers, the content of total potassium in soil was significantly affected by organic fertilizer, but the content of total potassium in tomato soil was decreased by organic fertilizer application, while in 40-60 cm soil layers, the content of total potassium in tomato soil was significantly decreased. The content of total potassium in soil of 0-20cm layer was the highest in the treatment of BK, which indicated that the application of potassium fertilizer had obvious effect on increasing the content of total potassium in soil. (4) Under the condition of long-term fertilization, there were significant differences in K uptake among leaves, stems, roots and fruits of all treatments. The highest K uptake was 2.98% in ANPK treatment, 1.83% in AK treatment, and 3.92% in BNPK treatment, respectively. Among all tomato organs, the K uptake in fruit was much higher than that in other parts, while the K uptake in root was less than that in total, and the K uptake in fruit accounted for 3.72% and 3.71% respectively. In tomato fruit, the proportion of potassium uptake in each treatment ranged from 30.2% to 36.6%, in tomato leaves, the proportion of potassium uptake in each treatment ranged from 26.9% to 35.0%, in tomato stem, the proportion of potassium uptake in each treatment ranged from 17.2% to 27.7%, and in tomato root, the proportion of potassium uptake in each treatment ranged from 26.9% to 35.0%. (5) Under long-term fertilization conditions, the yield of tomatoes was significantly different. The yield of tomatoes treated with increased organic fertilizer was higher than that without organic fertilizer, with an average increase of 5065.5 kg per hectare, an increase of 19.49%. The yield of tomatoes treated with ANPK was the highest, followed by that treated with BNPK, reaching 76732.5 kg.hm-2, 60289, respectively. 5 kg.hm-2. The yield of tomato treated with organic fertilizer was higher than that without organic fertilizer, but the combination of organic fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was more conducive to the increase of tomato yield. (6) Under the condition of long-term fertilization, the quality of tomato was significantly different, the soluble sugar content of organic fertilizer treatment was higher than that of non-organic fertilizer treatment, the average increase was 5.84%; organic fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer combined application increased the soluble sugar content of fruit more significantly, the ANPK treatment reached 5.56%, followed by treatment. The results showed that the content of soluble sugar in tomato fruits could be effectively increased by P and K fertilizers in combination with N, P and K fertilizers, and the content of organic acid could be effectively regulated by organic fertilizer and N, P and K fertilizers. The content of organic acid in ANPK treatment was the lowest, followed by BNPK treatment. The sugar-acid ratio of ANPK was the highest, followed by BNPK, and there was a significant difference between ANPK and other treatments. It can be seen that the vitamin C content of tomato could be significantly improved by rational fertilization. The difference of vitamin C content among different treatments was significant, and the organic fertilizer combined with N-P-K fertilizer could effectively improve tomato. The contents of vitamin C in eggplant fruits were the highest in ANPK and BNPK treatments, the lowest in AN0 and BN0 treatments, and there was a significant difference between ANPK and other treatments. The content of vitamin C in ANPK was 10.3 mg/kg-1 higher than that in AN0, and the content of vitamin C in BNPK was 5.4 mg/kg-1 higher than that in BN0.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S158;S641.2

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