【摘要】：為了探討瑪納斯河流域平原區(qū)不同生境土壤螨類群落特征、季節(jié)動(dòng)態(tài)及其群落多樣性,本研究選擇該流域平原區(qū)耕地、灌木林、草地、葡萄園、菜地、人工林等六種不同生境土壤螨類為研究對(duì)象,于2013年4月、7月、9月及11月中旬對(duì)上述六種不同生境土壤螨類進(jìn)行了定點(diǎn)采樣調(diào)查,采用形態(tài)特征分類法將土壤螨類進(jìn)行分類,并應(yīng)用個(gè)體數(shù)、類群數(shù)、群落多樣性指數(shù)、豐富度指數(shù)、優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)、均勻度指數(shù)、相似性分析、聚類分析等指標(biāo)以及甲螨MGP分析等方法研究了土壤螨類群落結(jié)構(gòu)、季節(jié)動(dòng)態(tài)及其群落多樣性特征。同時(shí),不同生境土壤因子對(duì)土壤螨類群落結(jié)構(gòu)及多樣性的影響進(jìn)行了比較研究。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1)研究區(qū)域六種不同生境共獲24 797只成體螨類標(biāo)本(不包括幼體),隸屬于4目70科88屬,其中尖棱甲螨屬(Ceratozetes)、若甲螨屬(Oribatula)、全盾螨屬(Holostaspella)、嗜粉螨屬(Aleuroglyphus)等4屬為優(yōu)勢(shì)類群,占總個(gè)體數(shù)的51.12%;小奧甲螨屬(Oppiella)、洼甲螨屬(Camisia)、三皺甲螨屬(Rhysotritia)、上羅甲螨屬(Epilohmannia)、禮服甲螨屬(Trhypochthonius)、蓋頭甲螨屬(Tectocepheus)、合若甲螨屬(Zygoribatula)、菌甲螨屬(Scheloribates)、上厲螨屬(Ololaelaps)、尾足螨屬(Uroplitella)、厚厲螨屬(Pachylaelaps)、美綏螨屬(Ameroseius)、植綏螨屬(Phytoseius)等13屬為常見類群、占總個(gè)體數(shù)的37.91%。四奧甲螨屬(Quadroppia)、珠足甲螨屬(Belba)、表珠甲螨屬(Epidamaeus)、懶甲螨屬(Nothrus)、全大翼甲螨屬(Pergalumna)、大翼甲螨屬(Galumna)等71屬為稀有類群,占總數(shù)的10.97%。2)6種不同生境土壤螨類個(gè)體數(shù)和類群數(shù)時(shí)空分布均有差異(P0.05)。其中水平分布結(jié)果表明,土壤螨類個(gè)體數(shù)高低順序依次為人工林(7 503只,30.26%)灌木林(5 847只,23.57%)草地(4 614只,18.60%)葡萄園(3 080只,12.42%)菜地(1 904只,7.68%)耕地(1 849只,7.46%)。類群數(shù)分別為:人工林(64屬、72.72%)、耕地(42屬,47.72%)、草地(53屬,60.22%)、葡萄園(44屬,50%)、菜地(54屬,61.36%)、灌木林(56屬,62.5%)。垂直分布結(jié)果表明,土壤螨類主要集中分布于表層土壤,0~5cm土層最多(15 632只,63.04%),其次為5~10 cm土層(5 606只,22.61%),在10~15 cm土層中較少(2 563只,10.34%)而在15~20 cm土層中最少(996只,4.02%),不同土層間的個(gè)體數(shù)差異極顯著(P0.01)。土壤螨類個(gè)體數(shù)在不同季節(jié)均有顯著性差異(P0.05),不同季節(jié)所捕獲的土壤螨類總個(gè)體數(shù)量順序依次為9月4月7月11月。3)在六種不同生境之間土壤螨類群落多樣性均有顯著差異(P0.05),其中Shannon-Wiener多樣性指數(shù)(H)為:人工林灌木林葡萄園耕地草地菜地。Margalef(M)豐富度指數(shù)為:灌木林人工林菜地草地耕地葡萄園。Pielou均勻度指數(shù)(P):人工林葡萄園灌木林耕地草地菜地。Simpson優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)(S)為:菜地草地耕地葡萄園灌木林人工林。4)不同生境土壤甲螨MGP分析-Ⅰ表明,人工林、耕地、草地、葡萄園、灌木林的群落類型均為O型,菜地為MG型。MGP分析—Ⅱ表明,人工林、葡萄園及灌木林的群落類型為MP型,耕地和菜地的群落類型為P型,菜地的群落類型為M型。5)Jaccard相似性分析來看,葡萄園和人工林,葡萄園和草地的相似度為中等不相似(0.25~0.50)外,其他各生境的相似度為中等相似(0.50~0.75)。6)土壤螨類聚類和排序分析結(jié)果表明,六種不同生境分為以耕地、菜地、葡萄園為一組的耕作環(huán)境類型,以人工林、灌木林及草地單獨(dú)的排列在一起,形成林地環(huán)境類型,灌木林環(huán)境類型和草地環(huán)境類型等四大類型。7)研究區(qū)土壤環(huán)境因子與土壤螨類群落之間的典范對(duì)應(yīng)分析表明,該地區(qū)大多數(shù)螨類對(duì)低含水量土壤環(huán)境有較大的耐性,尤其是美綏螨屬對(duì)干旱和少有機(jī)物土壤的耐性大,全盾螨屬、全大翼甲螨屬、大翼甲螨屬、禮服甲螨屬等幾種螨類表示中性的特點(diǎn)。本研究綜合分析表明濕度、植被和土壤差異是影響土壤螨類群落的主要因素。
[Abstract]:In order to study the community characteristics, seasonal dynamics and community diversity of soil mites in different habitats in the plain area of Manas River Basin, six soil mites in different habitats, including cultivated land, shrub forest, grassland, vineyard, vegetable field and plantation, were selected as the research objects. The six mites were not found in April, July, September and mid-November, 2013. Soil mites in the same habitat were sampled and investigated. Soil mites were classified according to morphological characteristics. Individual index, group number, community diversity index, richness index, dominance index, evenness index, similarity analysis, cluster analysis and MGP analysis were used to study soil mite communities. The main results are as follows: 1) A total of 24 797 adult mite specimens (excluding larvae) belonging to 88 genera, 70 families and 4 orders were collected from six different habitats in the study area. Genus Ceratozetes, Oribatula, Holostaspella, Aleuroglyphus, Oppiella, Camisia, Rhysotritia, Epilohmannia, Trhypochthonius and Tetranychus were the dominant groups, accounting for 51.12% of the total individuals. 13 genera (Tectocepheus, Zygoribatula, Scheloribates, Ololaelaps, Uroplitella, Pachylaelaps, Ameroseius, Phytoseius) were the common groups, accounting for 37.91% of the total individuals. 71 genera, including Epidamaeus, Nothrus, Pergalumna and Galumna, were rare, accounting for 10.97% of the total. 2) The spatial and temporal distributions of individual numbers and groups of soil mites in 6 different habitats were different (P 0.05). The second was plantation (7 503, 30.26%) shrub forest (5 847, 23.57%) grassland (4 614, 18.60%) vineyard (3 080, 12.42%) vegetable land (1 904, 7.68%) cultivated land (1 849, 7.46%). The results of vertical distribution showed that soil mites were mainly distributed in the surface soil, with the largest number (15 632, 63.04%) in the 0-5 cm soil layer, followed by 5-10 cm soil layer (5 606, 22.61%), less (2 563, 10.34%) in the 10-15 cm soil layer, and the smallest (996, 4.02%) in the 15-20 cm soil layer. There was a significant difference in the number of individuals among different soil layers (P 0.01). Individual numbers in different seasons were significantly different (P 0.05). The total number of soil mites captured in different seasons was in the order of September, April, July and November. 3). The community diversity of soil mites in six different habitats was significantly different (P 0.05). Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) was: artificial forest shrub vineyard grassland. Margalef (M) richness index: shrub plantation vegetable grassland grassland farmland vineyard. Pielou evenness index (P): artificial forest vineyard shrub land grassland vegetable land. Simpson dominance index (S) is: vegetable grassland grassland grassland grassland vineyard shrub forest plantation. 4) Different habitats soil oribatidae MGP analysis - I showed that artificial forest, cultivated land, grassland. The community types of plantation, vineyard and shrub forest were all O-type, vegetable land was MG-type. MGP analysis-II showed that the community types of plantation, vineyard and shrub forest were MP-type, cultivated land and vegetable land were P-type, vegetable land was M-type. 5) Jaccard similarity analysis showed that the similarity between vineyard and plantation, vineyard and grassland was medium. The results of cluster analysis and ordination analysis showed that the six different habitats were divided into cultivated land, vegetable land and vineyard. The artificial forest, shrub forest and grassland were arranged separately to form forest land environmental type and shrub land environmental type. The canonical correspondence analysis between soil environmental factors and soil mite communities in the study area showed that most of the mites in the study area had greater tolerance to low water content soil environment, especially Meisseria, which had greater tolerance to drought and less organic soil, Total Shield mite, and Total pteronychus mite. The results of this study showed that the difference of soil moisture and vegetation was the main factor affecting soil mite community.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：新疆大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S154.5

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