【摘要】：甘肅省中部沿黃灌區(qū)是我省、乃至西北地區(qū)最大的加工型馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)基地,長(zhǎng)期過(guò)量施用化肥使土壤微生物區(qū)系和生物活性受到極大破壞,作物產(chǎn)量對(duì)化肥養(yǎng)分的依賴(lài)性越來(lái)越強(qiáng)。本研究采用“田間試驗(yàn)-稀釋平板培養(yǎng)法-現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)-Biolog生態(tài)板”相結(jié)合的方法,研究了普通有機(jī)肥(OF)和生物有機(jī)肥(BOF)替代部分化肥(CF)對(duì)馬鈴薯不同生育時(shí)期根際土壤中可培養(yǎng)微生物數(shù)量和收獲期根際土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物熵以及微生物群落功能多樣性的影響,旨在為該地區(qū)馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)中的合理施肥、土壤微生物區(qū)系的改善和土壤生物活性的提高提供依據(jù)。田間試驗(yàn)共設(shè)10個(gè)處理,分別如下:T1:不施肥(CK)T2:100%化肥(CF)T3:90%CF+3000kg/hm2普通有機(jī)肥(OF)T4:90%CF+3000kg/hm2生物有機(jī)肥(BOF)T5:80%CF+3000kg/hm2普通有機(jī)肥(OF)T6:80%CF+3000kg/hm2生物有機(jī)肥(BOF)T7:70%CF+3000kg/hm2普通有機(jī)肥(OF)T8:70%CF+3000kg/hm2生物有機(jī)肥(BOF)T9:3000kg/hm2普通有機(jī)肥(OF)T10:3000kg/hm2生物有機(jī)肥(BOF)主要試驗(yàn)結(jié)果如下:(1)與單施化肥的處理(T2)相比,所有有機(jī)肥替代部分化肥施用量的處理明顯改變了馬鈴薯根際微生物的群落組成,增加了根際細(xì)菌和放線菌的數(shù)量,減少了真菌的數(shù)量,提高了細(xì)菌/真菌比以及放線菌/真菌的比值。有機(jī)肥替代部分化肥的處理中,微生物數(shù)量以80%化肥+3000kg/hm2生物有機(jī)肥的處理(T6)效果最為顯著。生物有機(jī)肥替代化肥比普通有機(jī)肥替代化肥更明顯的促進(jìn)了細(xì)菌和放線菌數(shù)量的增加,抑制了真菌的生長(zhǎng)。不同處理不同生育時(shí)期微生物數(shù)量變化不一致。細(xì)菌和放線菌數(shù)量分別在淀粉積累期和塊莖膨大期達(dá)到最多,但真菌數(shù)量在淀粉積累期最少。這表明用有機(jī)肥替代部分化肥可以調(diào)控土壤微生物區(qū)系。(2)與單施化肥或單施有機(jī)肥相比,有機(jī)肥替代部分化肥處理顯著增加了馬鈴薯根際微生物量碳和微生物熵,說(shuō)明有機(jī)肥替代部分化肥可以提高土壤肥力。(3)有機(jī)肥替代部分化肥提高了土壤微生物活性,改變了碳源代謝種類(lèi),增加了馬鈴薯根際微生物群落功能多樣性。與單施化肥的處理(T2)相比,有機(jī)肥替代部分化肥的處理均提高了AWCD(平均孔顏色變率),施用生物有機(jī)肥的處理比普通有機(jī)肥的高,以用生物有機(jī)肥替代20%化肥的處理(T6)最大;主要利用碳源類(lèi)型由羧酸類(lèi)和碳水化合物類(lèi)物質(zhì)胺類(lèi)和氨基酸類(lèi)物質(zhì),生物有機(jī)肥替代部分化肥的處理碳源相對(duì)利用率高與普通有機(jī)肥;有機(jī)肥替代部分化肥提高了Shannon指數(shù)和Mc Intosh指數(shù),降低了Simpson指數(shù)。(4)有機(jī)肥替代部分化肥對(duì)馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量的影響研究表明:與單施化肥相比,不施肥和單施有機(jī)肥的處理均降低了馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量;有機(jī)肥替代部分化肥處理間馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量差異不顯著,3000kg/hm2普通有機(jī)肥或生物有機(jī)肥替代10%、20%和30%的化肥與當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)慣化肥施用量處理間馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量差異不顯著,且均比單施化肥高6%-12%。說(shuō)明有機(jī)肥替代部分化肥可以提供充足養(yǎng)分,滿(mǎn)足馬鈴薯生育期對(duì)養(yǎng)分的需求,保證產(chǎn)量。綜上所述,有機(jī)肥尤其是生物有機(jī)肥替代部分化肥,明顯改變了馬鈴薯根際土壤微生物區(qū)系結(jié)構(gòu),增加了微生物量碳和微生物熵,提高了土壤微生物代謝活性和碳源代謝量,最終改善了土壤微生物群落功能多樣性。
[Abstract]:The irrigation area along the Yellow River in the middle part of Gansu Province is the largest potato production base in our province and even in the northwest of China. Long-term excessive application of chemical fertilizers has greatly destroyed soil microbial flora and biological activity. Crop yield is increasingly dependent on fertilizers and nutrients. The effects of organic fertilizer (OF) and bio-organic fertilizer (BOF) on the number of culturable microorganisms in rhizosphere soil and microbial biomass carbon, microbial entropy and functional diversity of microbial community in rhizosphere soil at different growth stages and harvest stages of potato were studied by using the method of "Biolog Eco-plate". 10 treatments were set up in the field experiment, as follows: T1: no fertilizer (CK) T2: 100% chemical fertilizer (CF) T3: 90% CF + 3000kg / hm2 general organic fertilizer (OF) T4: 90% CF + 3000kg / hm2 biological organic fertilizer (BOF) T5: 80% CF + 3000kg / hm2 general organic fertilizer (BOF). T6:80%CF+3000kg/hm2 Bio-organic Fertilizer(BOF)T7:70%CF+3000kg/hm2 Ordinary Organic Fertilizer(OF)T8:70%CF+3000kg/hm2 Bio-organic Fertilizer(BOF)T9:3000kg/hm2 Ordinary Organic Fertilizer(OF)T10:3000kg/hm2 Bio-organic Fertilizer(BOF)The main results were as follows: (1) Compared with the treatment of single fertilizer(T2), all organic fertilizers substituted for part of fertilizer. The amount of bacteria and actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of potato was increased, the number of fungi was decreased, the ratio of bacteria to fungi and the ratio of actinomycetes to fungi were increased. In the treatment of replacing part of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer, the amount of microorganisms was 80% chemical fertilizer + 3000kg/hm2 bio-organic fertilizer (T6). The number of bacteria and actinomycetes increased and the growth of fungi was inhibited more obviously than that of organic fertilizer. The number of bacteria and actinomycetes reached the maximum at starch accumulation stage and tuber enlargement stage, respectively, but the number of fungi was inhibited. The amount of microbial biomass carbon and microbial entropy in potato rhizosphere were significantly increased by using organic fertilizer instead of partial chemical fertilizer. (3) The substitution of organic manure for part of chemical fertilizer improved soil microbial activity, changed the types of carbon source metabolism and increased the functional diversity of microbial community in potato rhizosphere. The treatment (T6) with bio-organic fertilizer replacing 20% of chemical fertilizer was the highest for the high level of organic fertilizer; carboxylic acids and carbohydrate amines and amino acids were mainly used as carbon sources, while bio-organic fertilizer replacing part of chemical fertilizer had higher relative utilization ratio of carbon sources than common organic fertilizer; organic fertilizer replacing part of chemical fertilizer improved Shannon index and MC. Intosh index decreased Simpson index. (4) The effect of organic fertilizer substitution for partial chemical fertilizer on potato yield was studied. Compared with single chemical fertilizer, no fertilizer and single organic fertilizer treatment decreased potato yield; there was no significant difference in potato yield between organic fertilizer substitution for partial chemical fertilizer treatment, and 3000kg/hm2 common organic fertilizer or biological fertilizer had. There was no significant difference in potato yield between 10%, 20% and 30% organic fertilizer substitution and local conventional chemical fertilizer application, and the difference was 6% - 12% higher than that of single chemical fertilizer application. Substitution of some chemical fertilizers significantly changed the microbial flora structure of potato rhizosphere soil, increased microbial biomass carbon and microbial entropy, increased soil microbial metabolic activity and carbon source metabolism, and ultimately improved the functional diversity of soil microbial community.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S532;S154.3

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