【摘要】：【目的】為提高秸稈還田的利用效率,采用大田試驗研究了秸稈還田及配施肥對小麥產(chǎn)量及土壤理化性狀的影響,為干旱區(qū)土壤培肥提供科學依據(jù)。本研究結(jié)合新疆節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)施肥現(xiàn)狀,通過設置不同量秸稈還田、秸稈與有機肥或復混肥配合施用對小麥產(chǎn)量及土壤肥力的影響,研究如何改進秸稈還田技術(shù),發(fā)掘作物秸稈改良土壤結(jié)構(gòu)、提升土壤肥力和質(zhì)量的潛力,持續(xù)提高旱區(qū)農(nóng)田生產(chǎn)力,是旱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)值得關(guān)注的重要研究課題。【方法】在滴灌條件下,通過設置不施肥(CK)、常規(guī)施肥(NP)、半量秸稈(NP+S1)、全量秸稈(NP+S2)、有機肥(NP+M)、復混肥(NP+CF)、全量秸稈與有機肥(NP+S2+M)、全量秸稈與復混肥(NP+S2+CF)配施8個處理,進行連續(xù)兩年定位試驗,研究不同施肥處理對小麥產(chǎn)量、土壤理化性質(zhì)及肥力特征的影響�！局饕Y(jié)果】(1)各施肥處理主要通過提高小麥的單株穗粒數(shù)來達到增產(chǎn)的效果,全量秸稈與其他施肥處理相比提高春小麥產(chǎn)量差異顯著(P0.05)。(2)秸稈還田兩年后,與CK相比,各施肥處理降低土壤容重和提高土壤孔隙度差異不顯著。(3)土壤團聚體含量以250μm級別團聚體含量最多,53μm級別團聚體含量最低。兩年試驗中各施肥處理2000~250μm級別團聚體含量較CK分別平均增加78.76%和163.65%。(4)秸稈還田有效提高了土壤養(yǎng)分含量,而且對土壤養(yǎng)分含量的影響隨著土層深度的加深而減弱。在0~40 cm土層,NP+S、NP+M/CF、NP+S+M/CF的土壤有機質(zhì)含量分別較CK增加7.81%、5.98%和11.36%,全氮和全磷分別較CK增加20.55%、17.58%、24.55%和8.37%、8.39%、10.58%。各施肥處理均顯著提高土壤堿解氮、速效磷、速效鉀含量,整體趨勢NP+S2+M/CFNP+SNP+M/CF。秸稈還田兩年后,全量秸稈對土壤養(yǎng)分含量的增加效果優(yōu)于半量秸稈,秸稈與有機肥配合施用效果更加顯著。【結(jié)論】各施肥處理主要通過提高小麥的單株穗粒數(shù)來達到增產(chǎn)的效果,全量秸稈與其他施肥處理相比提高春小麥產(chǎn)量差異顯著。單施秸稈處理0~40 cm土層的土壤有機質(zhì)、全氮、全磷、堿解氮、速效磷和速效鉀含量顯著高于單施有機肥和復混肥處理,秸稈還田兩年后,秸稈與有機肥配合施用效果更加顯著。因此,在施氮、磷肥的基礎上建議全量秸稈、秸稈與有機肥配合施用,能更有利于滴灌農(nóng)田小麥產(chǎn)量和土壤肥力的提高。
[Abstract]:[Objective] In order to improve the utilization efficiency of straw returning to field, field experiments were conducted to study the effects of straw returning and Fertilization on Wheat Yield and soil physical and chemical properties, and to provide scientific basis for soil fertilization in arid areas. The effect of combined application on Wheat Yield and soil fertility, the study on how to improve the technology of straw returning to field, explore the potential of crop straw to improve soil structure, enhance soil fertility and quality, and continuously improve the productivity of farmland in arid areas is an important research topic worthy of attention. CK, NP, NP + S1, NP + S2, NP + M, NP + CF, NP + S2 + M, NP + CF, NP + S2 + M, NP + S2 + M, NP + S2 + CF and NP + S2 + CF were applied to study the effects of different fertilization treatments on wheat yield, soil physical and chemical properties and fertility characteristics. The results were as follows: (1) The yield of spring wheat was increased by increasing the number of grains per plant in each fertilization treatment, and the difference was significant (P 0.05). (2) Two years after the straw was returned to the field, compared with CK, there was no significant difference in reducing soil bulk density and increasing soil porosity. The content of aggregates was the highest at 250 micron level and the lowest at 53 micron level. In the two-year experiment, the content of aggregates at 2000-250 micron level increased by 78.76% and 163.65% respectively compared with CK. (4) Straw returning effectively increased soil nutrient content, and the effect on soil nutrient content increased with the depth of soil layer. The soil organic matter content of NP+S, NP+M/CF, NP+S+M/CF, NP+S+M/CF increased by 7.81%, 5.98% and 11.36% respectively in 0-40 cm soil layer. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus increased by 20.55%, 17.58%, 24.55% and 8.37%, 8.39%, 10.58% compared with CK, respectively. All fertilization treatments significantly increased soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium content, overall trend NP+S2+M/CFP+SNP+M/CF. After two years in the field, the effect of total straw on soil nutrient content was better than that of half straw, and the effect of combined application of straw and organic fertilizer was more significant. [Conclusion] The yield of spring wheat was increased by increasing the number of grains per plant in each fertilization treatment. The contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium in straw treatment were significantly higher than those in organic manure and compound fertilizer treatment. Two years after straw returning, the effect of straw and organic manure combined application was more significant. It is more conducive to the improvement of wheat yield and soil fertility in drip irrigation field.
【學位授予單位】：石河子大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S512.12;S158

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