【摘要】：嚴重的農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染導致農(nóng)村生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化,制約農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展,是我國現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的瓶頸,農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染治理對保護現(xiàn)有農(nóng)業(yè)資源,建設美好人居環(huán)境,提升農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量具有重要意義。2014年起,在世界銀行貸款廣東農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染治理項目支持下,江門、惠州市開展農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染治理試點工作,在水稻生產(chǎn)上采取系列綜合治理措施,力爭經(jīng)過5年的系統(tǒng)治理,實現(xiàn)“農(nóng)藥減量、控害、保產(chǎn)、保環(huán)境”的目標。本研究通過問卷、訪談、現(xiàn)場調(diào)查、抽樣檢測等方式,按照世界銀行項目PMP監(jiān)測指標要求,對參加項目的江門市臺山、恩平、開平,惠州市博羅、惠陽、惠城共6個縣(市、區(qū))12個鎮(zhèn)92個村水稻種植區(qū)農(nóng)戶、農(nóng)資企業(yè)、政府部門等進行系統(tǒng)調(diào)查,評價項目實施兩年來對保護農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境、提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、提升農(nóng)民環(huán)保意識等綜合效果,旨在為中期評價項目實施效果、改進調(diào)整治理方案等提供決策參考。主要研究結果如下。1、接受有效調(diào)查農(nóng)民1837戶,在水稻生產(chǎn)中使用無人使用殺蟲燈、誘蟲板和天敵產(chǎn)品,用高效低毒農(nóng)藥的農(nóng)戶達100%,使用生物農(nóng)藥的農(nóng)戶達到74.52%,使用抗性品種的農(nóng)戶達92.54%。大部分農(nóng)戶認識青蛙,但對于捕食螨、食蚜蠅、寄生蜂、白(綠)僵菌的認識程度較低。從農(nóng)藥使用來看,受調(diào)查農(nóng)戶平均在水稻上用藥4.89次/造,比常規(guī)用藥習慣減少1-2次,在各項目區(qū)均未發(fā)現(xiàn)使用I類藥劑或未登記農(nóng)藥的案例。按照藥劑推薦使用方法進行施藥的農(nóng)戶為100%,施藥時有防護措施的農(nóng)戶很少。關于購買農(nóng)藥后儲存方式,絕大多數(shù)農(nóng)戶根據(jù)所耕地面積購買,以現(xiàn)買現(xiàn)用居多,若出現(xiàn)未用完現(xiàn)象則在家里有固定點安全存放,避免小孩老人或家禽寵物接觸到的農(nóng)戶為96.19%。調(diào)查農(nóng)戶農(nóng)藥廢棄物回收率不高,交回農(nóng)資店回收、回收放垃圾堆、未回收大約各占1/3。2、從項目實施地區(qū)的病蟲害以及天敵數(shù)量調(diào)查結果發(fā)現(xiàn),各地水稻主要病害為水稻紋枯病、稻瘟病、稻曲病、細菌性條斑病,主要蟲害為稻飛虱、稻縱卷葉螟、鉆蛀性螟蟲、跗線螨,水稻主要天敵為蜘蛛、黑肩綠盲蝽、食蚜蠅。3、按照世界銀行項目辦提供的監(jiān)測對象,對項目區(qū)稻谷進行抽樣檢測農(nóng)藥殘留。用固相萃取法對糙米進行前處理提取凈化,結合氣相色譜(GC)檢測敵敵畏、乙酰甲胺磷、氧化樂果、殺蟲雙、三唑磷,通過高效液相色譜法(HPLC)對三環(huán)唑進行檢測。實驗結果表明前處理方法可適用于一次性檢測6種農(nóng)藥,且此6種農(nóng)藥的添加回收率在76%~130%之間,敵敵畏等五種農(nóng)藥在氣相色譜上的最低檢出量為0.1 ng~5ng,三環(huán)唑在高效液相色譜的最低檢出量為10 ng。檢測結果發(fā)現(xiàn)有部分地區(qū)農(nóng)藥可檢出但未有農(nóng)藥檢出超標,說明項目實施區(qū)抽檢稻谷農(nóng)藥殘留檢測均達標。4、建立了層次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process),通過確定各評價指標體系權重及一致性檢驗建立農(nóng)藥面源污染治理效果評價等級。利用所建立的指標計算,可知江門市臺山海宴鎮(zhèn)、江門市恩平恩城鎮(zhèn)、江門市恩平牛江鎮(zhèn)治理效果非常好,江門市臺山都斛鎮(zhèn)、江門市開平蒼城鎮(zhèn)、江門市開平馬岡鎮(zhèn)、惠州市博羅楊村鎮(zhèn)、惠州市惠城區(qū)橫瀝鎮(zhèn)、惠州市惠城區(qū)汝湖鎮(zhèn)、惠州市惠陽區(qū)平潭鎮(zhèn)、惠州市惠陽區(qū)良井鎮(zhèn)治理效果良好,惠州市博羅縣福田鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)藥面源污染治理效果一般。
[Abstract]:Serious agricultural non-point source pollution leads to the deterioration of rural ecological environment and restricts the sustainable development of agriculture, which is the bottleneck of the development of modern agriculture in China. The control of agricultural non-point source pollution is of great significance to the protection of existing agricultural resources, the construction of a better living environment and the improvement of agricultural product quality. With the support of the project, Jiangmen and Huizhou have carried out the pilot project of agricultural non-point source pollution control, and adopted a series of comprehensive control measures in rice production, striving to achieve the goal of "pesticide reduction, pesticide control, production and environmental protection" after five years of systematic treatment. The PMP monitoring indicators of the project require that the farmers, agricultural enterprises and government departments in 92 villages of rice planting areas in 6 counties (cities, districts) and 12 towns of Jiangmen City, Taishan, Enping, Kaiping, Boluo, Huiyang, Huicheng City, should be systematically investigated and evaluated to protect the agricultural environment, improve the quality of agricultural products and enhance the environmental protection of farmers in the past two years. The main results are as follows: 1. 1837 households were surveyed effectively. No pesticide lamp, trap board and natural enemy products were used in rice production. 100% of the households used high-efficiency and low-toxic pesticides, and biopesticides were used. Most of the farmers knew frogs, but they had little knowledge of mites, aphid flies, parasitic bees, and white (green) fungi. From the point of view of pesticide use, the average number of medicines used in rice was 4.89 times per plant, which was 1-2 times less than that of conventional medication, and no use was found in all project areas. Class I pesticides or unregistered pesticides. 100% of the households applied pesticides according to the recommended use of pesticides and very few farmers with protective measures when applying pesticides. The rate of pesticide waste recovery was not high, and about 1/3.2 of the households returned to agricultural stores and dumped garbage. The main diseases of rice were rice sheath blight, rice blast and rice according to the survey of pests and natural enemies in the project area. The main insect pests are rice planthopper, rice leaf roller, borer, tarsal mite, rice natural enemies are spider, black shoulder green bug, aphid fly. 3. According to the monitoring objects provided by the World Bank project office, the pesticide residues in the rice of the project area are sampled and detected. Tricyclazole was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the pretreatment method was suitable for the detection of Six Pesticides at one time, and the recoveries of the Six Pesticides ranged from 76% to 130%, and the five pesticides such as dichlorvos were between 76% and 130%. The lowest detectable amount on gas chromatography is 0.1 ng~5 ng, and the lowest detectable amount of Tricyclazole in high performance liquid chromatography is 10 ng. The results show that some pesticides can be detected in some areas, but no pesticide detection exceeded the standard. 4. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is established. Through determining the weights of each evaluation index system and consistency test, the evaluation grade of pesticide non-point source pollution control effect is established. By using the index calculation, we can know that the control effect of Taishan Haiyan Town in Jiangmen City, Enping En Town in Jiangmen City, Enping Niujiang Town in Jiangmen City is very good, Taishan Dudeng Town in Jiangmen City, Kaiping Cang Town in Jiangmen City and Kaimen City in Jiangmen City. Pingmagang Town, Boluoyang Town, Huizhou City, Hengli Town, Huizhou City, Ruhu Town, Huizhou City, Pingtan Town, Huiyang District, Huizhou City, Liangjing Town, Huizhou City, Huizhou City, Boluo County, Futian Town, pesticide non-point source pollution control effect is generally.
【學位授予單位】：華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：X592
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本文編號：2188620