【摘要】：本研究針對東北地區(qū)降雨集中、耕層養(yǎng)分含量高、土壤凍融作用強烈、氮磷流失嚴(yán)重特點，通過東北地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染形勢宏觀分析、區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染特征分析等大量基礎(chǔ)研究選取阿什河流域作為東北地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染的典型區(qū)域，構(gòu)建了流域農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染控制模擬優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)，進(jìn)行小流域農(nóng)業(yè)面源模擬與優(yōu)化，并借助軟件平臺實現(xiàn)了該系統(tǒng)的功能與應(yīng)用。 首先結(jié)合東北地區(qū)的土地利用現(xiàn)狀、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)特點以及水文氣象特征等方面對農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染形勢進(jìn)行了宏觀分析，黑龍江省作為我國的最重要的糧食生產(chǎn)基地，農(nóng)業(yè)污染源數(shù)量居全國第一。為更深入地分析東北地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染的形勢和特征，從農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用狀況的診斷入手利用輸出負(fù)荷模型，對典型農(nóng)區(qū)哈爾濱地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染總氮和總磷負(fù)荷進(jìn)行了估算和污染特征分析。該地區(qū)作為松花江流域的典型規(guī)模集約化農(nóng)區(qū)，農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染負(fù)荷輸出量呈逐年上升趨勢；總氮年輸出負(fù)荷遠(yuǎn)高于總磷年輸出負(fù)荷，是主要的農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染物質(zhì)；農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用是農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染最大的影響因素，，農(nóng)業(yè)種植用地是該地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染最主要的來源，其中又以玉米種植用地貢獻(xiàn)率最大。由此表明，規(guī)模集約化的農(nóng)業(yè)種植，種植模式單一，為追求產(chǎn)量盲目大量施用化肥是農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染的主要原因。畜禽養(yǎng)殖的第二大農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染來源；由農(nóng)村居民生活帶來的面源污染也不容忽視。 為進(jìn)一步剖析流域農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用與水環(huán)境的相互作用機理，提出污染控制優(yōu)化策略，本研究選擇阿什河流域作為研究區(qū)域，建立基于全流域的農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染控制模擬與優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)。在大量收集數(shù)據(jù)和實地監(jiān)測的基礎(chǔ)上，針對流域農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染負(fù)荷模型對基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)信息的需求，建立農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染基礎(chǔ)信息管理系統(tǒng)。將流域內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染產(chǎn)生及各影響因素與流域出口負(fù)荷總量建立響應(yīng)聯(lián)系。將改善農(nóng)業(yè)管理措施的成果量化輸入模擬與優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)，評估優(yōu)化效果，為制定農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染負(fù)荷削減優(yōu)化方案提供依據(jù)。為了使整個模擬與優(yōu)化過程更為精確和簡易快捷，本研究將整個數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)、面源污染模擬和優(yōu)化過程通過計算機軟件實現(xiàn)。通過流域農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染的模擬與優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)對農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染削減措施的評估，從而得出了針對該流域農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染更為有效的控制優(yōu)化方案，實現(xiàn)了從總體上減少農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染量的目標(biāo)，為流域農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染控制提供決策支持。模擬與優(yōu)化結(jié)果表明：改善化肥配施比、增施有機肥以及平衡玉米和大豆的種植結(jié)構(gòu)是有效控制該流域農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染的優(yōu)化策略。
[Abstract]:In view of the characteristics of concentrated rainfall, high nutrient content, strong freezing and thawing of soil and serious loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in Northeast China, the situation of agricultural non-point source pollution in Northeast China was analyzed macroscopically. A large number of basic studies, such as analysis of the characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution in regional agriculture, selected the Ashe River basin as the typical area of agricultural non-point source pollution in Northeast China, and constructed a simulation and optimization system for agricultural non-point source pollution control in the basin. The function and application of the system are realized by means of the software platform for the simulation and optimization of agricultural non-point source in small watershed. Firstly, considering the present situation of land use, the characteristics of agricultural production and the characteristics of hydrology and meteorology in Northeast China, the situation of agricultural non-point source pollution is analyzed macroscopically. Heilongjiang Province is the most important food production base in China. The number of agricultural pollution sources ranks first in the country. In order to analyze the situation and characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution in Northeast China, the output load model is used from the diagnosis of agricultural land use condition. The total nitrogen and total phosphorus load of agricultural non-point source pollution in Harbin were estimated and the pollution characteristics were analyzed. As a typical intensive agricultural area of Songhua River basin, the output of agricultural non-point source pollution load is increasing year by year, the annual output load of total nitrogen is much higher than the annual output load of total phosphorus, and it is the main agricultural non-point source pollution material. Agricultural land use is the biggest influencing factor of agricultural non-point source pollution. Agricultural planting land is the most important source of agricultural non-point source pollution in this area. It is concluded that the main reason of agricultural non-point source pollution is intensive agricultural planting on a large scale with a single planting pattern and blind and mass application of chemical fertilizer in pursuit of yield. The second largest agricultural non-point source of pollution in livestock and poultry farming, and the non-point source pollution brought by rural residents can not be ignored. In order to further analyze the interaction mechanism between agricultural land use and water environment, and put forward the optimal pollution control strategy, the Ashe River Basin was selected as the study area. An agricultural non-point source pollution control simulation and optimization system based on the whole basin was established. Based on a large amount of data collection and field monitoring, a basic information management system for agricultural non-point source pollution was established in accordance with the demand of basic data information for agricultural non-point source pollution load model in watershed. The response of agricultural non-point source pollution and its influencing factors to the total export load of the basin was established. The results of improving agricultural management measures are quantified into the simulation and optimization system to evaluate the optimization effect and provide the basis for formulating the optimization scheme of agricultural non-point source pollution load reduction. In order to make the whole simulation and optimization process more accurate and convenient, the whole data management system, non-point source pollution simulation and optimization process are realized by computer software. Through the evaluation of agricultural non-point source pollution reduction measures through the simulation and optimization system of agricultural non-point source pollution in watershed, a more effective control and optimization scheme for agricultural non-point source pollution in this basin is obtained. The goal of reducing the amount of agricultural non-point source pollution is achieved, which provides decision support for agricultural non-point source pollution control in watershed. The results of simulation and optimization showed that the optimization strategy of controlling agricultural non-point source pollution in the watershed was to improve the chemical fertilizer ratio, increase the application of organic fertilizer and balance the planting structure of maize and soybean.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X71

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