昆明市食物生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)系統(tǒng)氮磷碳素流動(dòng)及其環(huán)境負(fù)荷
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-04 21:02
【摘要】：隨著城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的不斷推進(jìn),食物生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)系統(tǒng)中氮磷碳素的梯級(jí)流動(dòng)變化引發(fā)了嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問(wèn)題。市級(jí)尺度上氮磷碳素梯級(jí)流動(dòng)以及利用效率、影響因子的分析研究不多。因而,本文基于統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的調(diào)查分析,運(yùn)用物質(zhì)流分析法原理,建立了食物生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)系統(tǒng)氮磷碳素流動(dòng)模型,系統(tǒng)分析了 1989-2013年昆明市食物生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)系統(tǒng)氮磷碳素流動(dòng)變化、造成的環(huán)境負(fù)荷及利用效率。本研究的主要結(jié)果如下:(1)昆明市作物生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)氮素投入由1989年的48.94Gg/a增長(zhǎng)至2013年的113. 64Gg/a,磷素投入由8. 81Gg/a增長(zhǎng)至25. 72Gg/a,這主要是由化肥投入增長(zhǎng)引起。人均氮素投入量由1989年的11.6kg/a增長(zhǎng)至2013年的17.27kg/a,人均磷素投入量由2. 09kg/a增長(zhǎng)至3. 91kg/a�？偼度肓康脑黾硬粌H導(dǎo)致了人均氮磷素增長(zhǎng),而且由此造成的氮磷素環(huán)境負(fù)荷也分別由1989年的7. 48Gg/a和0. 61Gg/a增長(zhǎng)至2013年的15. 97Gg/a和1. 04Gg/a。其中,損失進(jìn)入大氣的氮素由1989年的5. 52Gg/a增長(zhǎng)至2013年的11. 78Gg/a,進(jìn)入水體的氮素由1. 96Gg/a增長(zhǎng)至4. 19Gg/a,進(jìn)入水體的磷素由0. 61Gg/a增長(zhǎng)至1. 04Gg/a。(2)畜禽養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)氮磷素投入主要來(lái)源于飼料,受昆明市畜禽養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大的影響,氮素總投入由1989年的37. 91Gg/a增長(zhǎng)至2013的275. 78Gg/a,磷素總投入由7Gg/a增長(zhǎng)至49.47Gg/a。人均氮磷素投入量也分別由1989年的8. 99kg/a和1. 66kg/a增長(zhǎng)至2013年的41. 92kg/a和7. 52kg/a。環(huán)境氮負(fù)荷總量由1989年的18. 2Gg/a增長(zhǎng)至2013年的55. 48Gg/a,其中損失進(jìn)入大氣的氮素由8.76Gg/a增長(zhǎng)至34.67Gg/a,損失進(jìn)入水體的氮素由9.44Gg/a增長(zhǎng)至20. 81Gg/a。環(huán)境磷負(fù)荷總量由1989年的3. 2Gg/a增長(zhǎng)至2013年的7. 45Gg/a。畜禽養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)氮磷素流動(dòng)造成的環(huán)境負(fù)荷主要是畜禽糞尿的排放,分別由1989年的 18. 2Gg/a 和 3. 2Gg/a 增長(zhǎng)至 2013 年的 55. 48Gg/a 和 7. 45Gg/a。(3)食物消費(fèi)系統(tǒng)中主要的氮磷素投入來(lái)自于植物性食物。近年來(lái)因城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展帶來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的提高,使得食物消費(fèi)模式由溫飽型向營(yíng)養(yǎng)型轉(zhuǎn)變,由此導(dǎo)致植物性食物氮磷消費(fèi)量降低,動(dòng)物性食物氮磷消費(fèi)量增長(zhǎng)。食物消費(fèi)系統(tǒng)中損失進(jìn)入大氣的氮素明顯下降,而進(jìn)入水體和土壤的氮素有不斷增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì);損失進(jìn)入水體的磷素不斷下降,進(jìn)入土壤的磷素不斷增長(zhǎng)。(4)作物生產(chǎn)和畜禽養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)中碳匯總量由1989年的705. 44Gg增長(zhǎng)至2013年的1195. 53Gg,這與作物總產(chǎn)量不斷增長(zhǎng)有關(guān);碳排量也逐年上升,由1989年的496. 92Gg增長(zhǎng)至2013年的1012. 33Gg,這主要與化肥、農(nóng)藥等農(nóng)用物資的大量投入有關(guān)。碳排增速遠(yuǎn)大于碳匯增速。食物消費(fèi)系統(tǒng)中碳素投入由1989年的322. 87Gg/a降低至2013年的294. 53Gg/a,其中動(dòng)物性食物碳消費(fèi)總量上漲了 145.88%,植物性食物碳消費(fèi)總量下降了 21.23%。食物碳素消費(fèi)造成的環(huán)境負(fù)荷中,損失進(jìn)入大氣的碳素比例最高,其次是土壤,最少的是水體,其中進(jìn)入大氣的碳素波動(dòng)下降,進(jìn)入土壤和水體的碳素明顯增長(zhǎng)。(5) 1989-2013年昆明市食物生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)系統(tǒng)氮素總投入量由1989年的64.19Gg/a增長(zhǎng)至2013年的331.14Gg/a,磷素總投入量由1989年的10. 83Gg/a增長(zhǎng)至2013年的62. 7Gg/a,主要是受進(jìn)口飼料增長(zhǎng)的影響,昆明市本地的飼料供給已經(jīng)難以滿足其日益擴(kuò)大的畜禽養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模,需要從外地進(jìn)口大量飼料以維持畜禽生長(zhǎng)。各環(huán)節(jié)損失進(jìn)入環(huán)境的氮磷素中,動(dòng)物性食物生產(chǎn)加工損失氮磷最多,且逐年增長(zhǎng),分別由1989年的18.77Gg/a和3.44Gg/a增長(zhǎng)至2013年的73.08Gg/a和10.35Gg/a,說(shuō)明居民膳食結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)變是造成環(huán)境負(fù)荷增長(zhǎng)的重要因素。(6) 1989-2013年昆明市作物生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)氮磷素利用效率分別由1989年的29. 85%和26. 73%降低至2013年的20. 21%和15. 85%,畜禽養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)氮磷素利用效率大約穩(wěn)定在6%和2%,作物生產(chǎn)和畜禽養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)氮磷素綜合利用效率分別由1989年的19. 31%和15. 85%降低至2013年的10. 35%和6. 70%,氮磷素內(nèi)部循環(huán)利用率分別由1989年的35. 31%和45. 94%降低至2013年的17. 60%和19. 91%。因而可以看出,一是畜禽養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)氮磷素利用效率很低,主要由于昆明市動(dòng)物性食物出產(chǎn)率很低,投入畜禽養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)的氮磷素絕大部分都留在了未出欄的活體動(dòng)物內(nèi),沒(méi)有成為肉蛋奶等可以供居民食用的食物;二是內(nèi)部循環(huán)利用率二十多年來(lái)下降明顯。為減少氮磷素環(huán)境負(fù)荷并提高利用效率,建議采用以下措施:一是減少化肥氮磷投入,提高化肥利用效率;二是有效且高效利用畜禽飼料,同時(shí)盡可能地資源化與循環(huán)利用畜禽糞尿;三是注意合理膳食,實(shí)現(xiàn)人糞尿和廚余垃圾的資源化利用,減少食物浪費(fèi)。(7) 1989-2013年昆明市作物生產(chǎn)和畜禽養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)中碳匯強(qiáng)度基本持平,穩(wěn)定在2. 65t/hm2,碳排強(qiáng)度由1989年的1. 86 t/hm2增長(zhǎng)至2013年的2. 24 t/hm2。凈碳匯量呈下降趨勢(shì),由1989年的208. 52Gg降低至2013年的183. 2Gg。碳匯水平總體呈下降態(tài)勢(shì),由1989年的141. 96%下降至2013年的118. 1%。昆明市需大力提倡低碳農(nóng)業(yè)理念,降低溫室氣體排放量,整體上提高作物生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的碳匯能力。
[Abstract]:With the continuous advancement of urbanization process, the change of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon in the food production and consumption system has caused serious environmental problems. The analysis and study of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon ladder flow, utilization efficiency and influence factors on the municipal scale are not much. A model of nitrogen and phosphorus carbon flow in the food production and consumption system was established. The changes of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon in the food production and consumption system in Kunming for 1989-2013 years were systematically analyzed. The environmental load and utilization efficiency were caused. The main results of this study were as follows: (1) the nitrogen input of the crop production system in Kunming was increased from 48.94Gg/a in 1989 to 113. in 2013. 64Gg/a, phosphorus input increased from 8. 81Gg/a to 25. 72Gg/a, which was mainly caused by the increase of fertilizer input. The per capita nitrogen input increased from 11.6kg/a in 1989 to 17.27kg/a in 2013. The increase of per capita P input from 2. 09kg/a to 3. 91kg/a. total input not only resulted in the growth of per capita nitrogen and phosphorus, but also the resulting nitrogen. The phosphorus environmental load also increased from 7. 48Gg/a and 0. 61Gg/a in 1989 to 15. 97Gg/a and 1. 04Gg/a. in 2013, and the nitrogen loss into the atmosphere increased from 5. 52Gg/a in 1989 to 11. 78Gg/a in 2013, and the nitrogen into the water body increased from 1. 96Gg/a to 4. 19Gg/a, and the phosphorus in the water body increased from 0. 61Gg/a to 1. 04Gg/a. (2) animal. The input of nitrogen and phosphorus in poultry breeding system mainly comes from feed, which is influenced by the continuous expansion of the scale of livestock and poultry in Kunming. The total input of nitrogen is increased from 37. 91Gg/a in 1989 to 2013 of 275. 78Gg/a. The total input of phosphorus is increased from 7Gg/a to 49.47Gg/a. per capita from 8. 99kg/a and 1. 66kg/a in 1989 to 4 in 2013, respectively. The total nitrogen load of 1. 92kg/a and 7. 52kg/a. increased from 18. 2Gg/a in 1989 to 55. 48Gg/a in 2013, in which the nitrogen loss into the atmosphere increased from 8.76Gg/a to 34.67Gg/a, and the amount of nitrogen lost into the water body increased from 9.44Gg/a to 20. 81Gg/a. from 3. 2Gg/a in 1989 to 7. 45Gg/a. livestock and poultry in 2013. The environmental load caused by system nitrogen and phosphorus flow is mainly the discharge of livestock and poultry, from 18. 2Gg/a and 3. 2Gg/a in 1989 to 55. 48Gg/a in 2013 and 7. 45Gg/a. (3) in the food consumption system. The main nitrogen and phosphorus input from the food consumption system comes from the plant food. In recent years, the economic level of urbanization has been raised, which has caused the improvement of the economic level. The consumption pattern of food consumption changed from feeding type to nutritive type, which resulted in the decrease of nitrogen and phosphorus consumption in plant food and the increase of nitrogen and phosphorus consumption in animal food. The nitrogen loss into the atmosphere in the food consumption system decreased obviously, while the nitrogen in the water and soil had a growing trend, and the phosphorus loss into the water body declined continuously. The phosphorus in the soil increased continuously. (4) the amount of carbon sinks in crop production and livestock breeding system increased from 705. 44Gg in 1989 to 1195. 53Gg in 2013, which was related to the increase of total crop yield, and the carbon emission increased from 496. 92Gg in 1989 to 1012. 33Gg in 2013, mainly with the large amount of agricultural chemicals such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The carbon consumption in the food consumption system was reduced from 322. 87Gg/a in 1989 to 294. 53Gg/a in 2013, of which the total amount of animal food carbon consumption increased by 145.88%, and the total amount of vegetable carbon consumption decreased in the environmental load caused by 21.23%. food carbon consumption. The carbon ratio of the gas is the highest, followed by the soil, the lowest is the water body, in which the fluctuation of the carbon in the atmosphere decreases and the carbon in the soil and water increase obviously. (5) the total input of nitrogen in the food production and consumption system of Kunming city increased from 64.19Gg/a in 1989 to 331.14Gg/a in 2013, and the total input of phosphorus was 10.83 in 1989. Gg/a increased to 62. 7Gg/a in 2013, mainly affected by the growth of imported feed. The local feed supply in Kunming has been difficult to meet the growing scale of livestock and poultry breeding. A large amount of feed is imported from other countries to maintain the growth of livestock and poultry. More, and increased year by year, from 18.77Gg/a and 3.44Gg/a in 1989 to 73.08Gg/a and 10.35Gg/a in 2013 respectively, indicating that the transformation of the residents' dietary structure is an important factor in the growth of environmental load. (6) the nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency of the crop production system in Kunming was reduced from 29.85% and 26.73% in 1989 to 20. in 2013. 21% and 15.85%, the utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in the livestock and poultry breeding system was approximately 6% and 2%. The efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus utilization in crop production and livestock breeding system decreased from 19.31% and 15.85% in 1989 to 10.35% and 6.70% in 2013, and the internal recycling utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased from 35.31% and 45.94% in 1989 to 17.60 in 2013, respectively. % and 19. 91%., therefore, it can be seen that the utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in livestock and poultry farming system is very low, mainly due to the low production rate of animal food in Kunming, and most of the nitrogen and phosphorus in the livestock and poultry breeding system remain in the living animals that have not been fended, and have not become the food for the residents to be eaten by meat and egg milk, and the two is the internal circulation profit. In order to reduce the environmental load of nitrogen and phosphorus and improve the utilization efficiency, the following measures are proposed: first, reducing the input of nitrogen and phosphorus in chemical fertilizer and improving the utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizer; two is effective and efficient use of livestock and poultry feed, at the same time, as far as possible resources and recycling of livestock and poultry manure; three is to pay attention to reasonable diet to realize human feces. The resource utilization of urine and kitchen waste can reduce the waste of food. (7) the carbon sink intensity in the crop production and livestock breeding system in Kunming was basically flat in 1989-2013 years, stable in 2. 65t/hm2, the carbon sequestration from 1.86 t/hm2 in 1989 to 2.24 t/hm2. in 2013 decreased, from 208. 52Gg in 1989 to 1 in 2013. 83. 2Gg. carbon sequestration level generally declined, from 141.96% in 1989 to 118. 1%. in 2013. Kunming city should vigorously promote the concept of low carbon agriculture, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the carbon sequestration capacity of crop production system as a whole.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X71;X26
[Abstract]:With the continuous advancement of urbanization process, the change of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon in the food production and consumption system has caused serious environmental problems. The analysis and study of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon ladder flow, utilization efficiency and influence factors on the municipal scale are not much. A model of nitrogen and phosphorus carbon flow in the food production and consumption system was established. The changes of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon in the food production and consumption system in Kunming for 1989-2013 years were systematically analyzed. The environmental load and utilization efficiency were caused. The main results of this study were as follows: (1) the nitrogen input of the crop production system in Kunming was increased from 48.94Gg/a in 1989 to 113. in 2013. 64Gg/a, phosphorus input increased from 8. 81Gg/a to 25. 72Gg/a, which was mainly caused by the increase of fertilizer input. The per capita nitrogen input increased from 11.6kg/a in 1989 to 17.27kg/a in 2013. The increase of per capita P input from 2. 09kg/a to 3. 91kg/a. total input not only resulted in the growth of per capita nitrogen and phosphorus, but also the resulting nitrogen. The phosphorus environmental load also increased from 7. 48Gg/a and 0. 61Gg/a in 1989 to 15. 97Gg/a and 1. 04Gg/a. in 2013, and the nitrogen loss into the atmosphere increased from 5. 52Gg/a in 1989 to 11. 78Gg/a in 2013, and the nitrogen into the water body increased from 1. 96Gg/a to 4. 19Gg/a, and the phosphorus in the water body increased from 0. 61Gg/a to 1. 04Gg/a. (2) animal. The input of nitrogen and phosphorus in poultry breeding system mainly comes from feed, which is influenced by the continuous expansion of the scale of livestock and poultry in Kunming. The total input of nitrogen is increased from 37. 91Gg/a in 1989 to 2013 of 275. 78Gg/a. The total input of phosphorus is increased from 7Gg/a to 49.47Gg/a. per capita from 8. 99kg/a and 1. 66kg/a in 1989 to 4 in 2013, respectively. The total nitrogen load of 1. 92kg/a and 7. 52kg/a. increased from 18. 2Gg/a in 1989 to 55. 48Gg/a in 2013, in which the nitrogen loss into the atmosphere increased from 8.76Gg/a to 34.67Gg/a, and the amount of nitrogen lost into the water body increased from 9.44Gg/a to 20. 81Gg/a. from 3. 2Gg/a in 1989 to 7. 45Gg/a. livestock and poultry in 2013. The environmental load caused by system nitrogen and phosphorus flow is mainly the discharge of livestock and poultry, from 18. 2Gg/a and 3. 2Gg/a in 1989 to 55. 48Gg/a in 2013 and 7. 45Gg/a. (3) in the food consumption system. The main nitrogen and phosphorus input from the food consumption system comes from the plant food. In recent years, the economic level of urbanization has been raised, which has caused the improvement of the economic level. The consumption pattern of food consumption changed from feeding type to nutritive type, which resulted in the decrease of nitrogen and phosphorus consumption in plant food and the increase of nitrogen and phosphorus consumption in animal food. The nitrogen loss into the atmosphere in the food consumption system decreased obviously, while the nitrogen in the water and soil had a growing trend, and the phosphorus loss into the water body declined continuously. The phosphorus in the soil increased continuously. (4) the amount of carbon sinks in crop production and livestock breeding system increased from 705. 44Gg in 1989 to 1195. 53Gg in 2013, which was related to the increase of total crop yield, and the carbon emission increased from 496. 92Gg in 1989 to 1012. 33Gg in 2013, mainly with the large amount of agricultural chemicals such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The carbon consumption in the food consumption system was reduced from 322. 87Gg/a in 1989 to 294. 53Gg/a in 2013, of which the total amount of animal food carbon consumption increased by 145.88%, and the total amount of vegetable carbon consumption decreased in the environmental load caused by 21.23%. food carbon consumption. The carbon ratio of the gas is the highest, followed by the soil, the lowest is the water body, in which the fluctuation of the carbon in the atmosphere decreases and the carbon in the soil and water increase obviously. (5) the total input of nitrogen in the food production and consumption system of Kunming city increased from 64.19Gg/a in 1989 to 331.14Gg/a in 2013, and the total input of phosphorus was 10.83 in 1989. Gg/a increased to 62. 7Gg/a in 2013, mainly affected by the growth of imported feed. The local feed supply in Kunming has been difficult to meet the growing scale of livestock and poultry breeding. A large amount of feed is imported from other countries to maintain the growth of livestock and poultry. More, and increased year by year, from 18.77Gg/a and 3.44Gg/a in 1989 to 73.08Gg/a and 10.35Gg/a in 2013 respectively, indicating that the transformation of the residents' dietary structure is an important factor in the growth of environmental load. (6) the nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency of the crop production system in Kunming was reduced from 29.85% and 26.73% in 1989 to 20. in 2013. 21% and 15.85%, the utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in the livestock and poultry breeding system was approximately 6% and 2%. The efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus utilization in crop production and livestock breeding system decreased from 19.31% and 15.85% in 1989 to 10.35% and 6.70% in 2013, and the internal recycling utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased from 35.31% and 45.94% in 1989 to 17.60 in 2013, respectively. % and 19. 91%., therefore, it can be seen that the utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in livestock and poultry farming system is very low, mainly due to the low production rate of animal food in Kunming, and most of the nitrogen and phosphorus in the livestock and poultry breeding system remain in the living animals that have not been fended, and have not become the food for the residents to be eaten by meat and egg milk, and the two is the internal circulation profit. In order to reduce the environmental load of nitrogen and phosphorus and improve the utilization efficiency, the following measures are proposed: first, reducing the input of nitrogen and phosphorus in chemical fertilizer and improving the utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizer; two is effective and efficient use of livestock and poultry feed, at the same time, as far as possible resources and recycling of livestock and poultry manure; three is to pay attention to reasonable diet to realize human feces. The resource utilization of urine and kitchen waste can reduce the waste of food. (7) the carbon sink intensity in the crop production and livestock breeding system in Kunming was basically flat in 1989-2013 years, stable in 2. 65t/hm2, the carbon sequestration from 1.86 t/hm2 in 1989 to 2.24 t/hm2. in 2013 decreased, from 208. 52Gg in 1989 to 1 in 2013. 83. 2Gg. carbon sequestration level generally declined, from 141.96% in 1989 to 118. 1%. in 2013. Kunming city should vigorously promote the concept of low carbon agriculture, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the carbon sequestration capacity of crop production system as a whole.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X71;X26
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