中國農(nóng)田土壤有機碳時空分布規(guī)律及影響因素研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-04 20:03
【摘要】：土壤有機質(zhì)是土壤肥力的核心,是土壤的重要組成部分,雖然農(nóng)田土壤有機碳只占土壤有機質(zhì)總重量的一部分,但是農(nóng)田土壤有機碳在保持土壤肥力、環(huán)境保護、農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展等方面都有著重要的作用和意義。建國以來,我國共開展了3次大規(guī)模土壤普查與測試工作,第一次土壤普查工作始于1958年,是以土壤農(nóng)業(yè)性狀為基礎(chǔ),并提出全國第一個農(nóng)業(yè)土壤分類系統(tǒng)。第二次土壤普查工作始于1979年,是以成土條件、成土過程及其屬性為土壤分類依據(jù),采用土類、亞類、土屬、土種、變種5級分類。第三次土壤測試工作始于2005年,我國開展了以國家財政補貼的全國范圍測土配方施肥項目,全國所有農(nóng)業(yè)縣(場、單位)的土肥部門在當?shù)卮筇�、菜田、果園采集了大量土壤樣品進行檢驗,主要包括土壤有機質(zhì)、全氮、有效磷、速效鉀、pH等項目。在區(qū)域尺度下,影響農(nóng)田土壤有機碳主導因素一般是區(qū)域微觀因素,如地形地貌、耕作制度、成土母質(zhì)、植被、海拔高度等。但是在宏觀尺度上,很多微觀因素可能不是影響農(nóng)田土壤有機碳分布的主要因素。本文系統(tǒng)整理了第一次土壤普查、第二次土壤普查和全國測土配方施肥項目的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)集,研究了大尺度時間上、空間上農(nóng)田土壤有機碳分布規(guī)律,探討了自然因素(年平均溫度、年平均降水量,經(jīng)度、緯度、氣候變化、海拔高度)、土壤自身性質(zhì)(pH、土壤粘粒結(jié)構(gòu)、陽離子代換量等)、人為因素(施化肥、糧食產(chǎn)量、人口總量、秸稈還田)等主要因素對農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量與分布的影響,以期為揭示農(nóng)田土壤有機碳演變規(guī)律、為政府部門制定相關(guān)政策提供理論基礎(chǔ),主要結(jié)果與結(jié)論如下:1.按照經(jīng)度每隔10°、緯度每隔5°,將全國劃為37個板塊,對每個板塊內(nèi)60多年的農(nóng)田土壤有機碳變化情況進行了分析,結(jié)果顯示:60年來,我國華北地區(qū)和中部地區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量呈現(xiàn)增加的趨勢,而我國東北地區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量下降明顯。2.第一次土壤普查、第二次土壤普查和測土配方施肥結(jié)果顯示,宏觀層面上,緯度和年平均溫度對農(nóng)田土壤有機碳的分布有著重要的影響,農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量隨著緯度的升高和年平均溫度的降低呈現(xiàn)出升高趨勢,經(jīng)度和年平均降水量對農(nóng)田土壤有機碳有一定的影響;在我國的東部到東北地區(qū)、西部地區(qū),農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量隨年平均溫度的降低呈現(xiàn)升高的趨勢,在我國的北部地區(qū),農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量隨著年平均降水量的降低而呈現(xiàn)降低的趨勢;農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量隨著pH的升高呈現(xiàn)下降的趨勢,隨著海拔的升高呈現(xiàn)先升高后降低的拋物線走勢,隨著粉粒、粘粒含量的升高呈現(xiàn)升高的趨勢。3.測土配方施肥結(jié)果顯示,在年平均溫度小于10℃的區(qū)域范圍內(nèi),農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量與年平均溫度的相關(guān)性好于與年平均降水量的相關(guān)性,在10℃-20℃時的區(qū)域范圍內(nèi),農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量與年平均降水量的相關(guān)性好于與年平均溫度的相關(guān)性,在大于20℃時的區(qū)域范圍內(nèi),農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量與年平均降水量和年平均溫度的相關(guān)性都很差。但是偏相關(guān)結(jié)果表明,在在10℃-20℃時的區(qū)域范圍內(nèi),農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量雖然與年平均溫度和年平均降水量都有顯著的正相關(guān),但是農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量與年平均降水量的相關(guān)性要大于與年平均溫度的相關(guān)性,年平均降水量才是農(nóng)田土壤有機碳分布的主導因素;在年平均降水量0-200 mm的區(qū)域范圍內(nèi),農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量與年平均降水量有顯著的相關(guān)性,而與年平均溫度的相關(guān)性很差,年平均降水量起主要驅(qū)動作用,在200-400 mm、400-600 mm、600-800 mm的年平均降水量的區(qū)域范圍內(nèi),農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量與年平均溫度的相關(guān)性要好于與年平均降水量的相關(guān)性,年平均溫度起主要驅(qū)動作用,尤其在400-800 mm的區(qū)域范圍內(nèi)的半濕潤地區(qū),農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量與年平均溫度的呈現(xiàn)極顯著的關(guān)系,相關(guān)系數(shù)R=0.7430,在年平均降水量大于800 mm的區(qū)域范圍內(nèi),農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量與年平均溫度和年平均降水量的相關(guān)性都很差。4.雖然秸稈還田量的數(shù)據(jù)不全面,但是本研究分析2004年-2011年機械化秸稈還田面積與農(nóng)用秸稈粉碎還田機擁有量具有極顯著的相關(guān)性。在宏觀層面上,利用中國1990年-2011年的機械化秸稈還田機數(shù)量,推算出1990年-2011年秸稈還田面積,深入分析了秸稈還田面積與農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量的關(guān)系。結(jié)果顯示,20年來,我國31個省區(qū)市中,有近50%的省份的農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量呈現(xiàn)增加的趨勢,而東北地區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤有機碳含量下降較為明顯。宏觀層面上,秸稈還田面積變化率與農(nóng)田土壤有機碳變化率在0.05水平上具有顯著相關(guān)性。全國2011年機械化秸稈還田面積的平均值是1990年的2.92倍,但與全國農(nóng)作物播種面積相比,我國秸稈還田的面積比例很低,只占16.89%。在宏觀層面上,氣候條件是影響農(nóng)田土壤有機碳分布的重要外因,農(nóng)田土壤有機碳庫不是一個孤立的生態(tài)系統(tǒng),影響農(nóng)田土壤有機碳庫的自然因素和人為因素中的各種因素盡管彼此之間存在著密切聯(lián)系,但是人為因素作為影響農(nóng)田土壤碳庫變化的能動性因素,在一定時期內(nèi)可以超過自然因素成為影響區(qū)域農(nóng)田土壤有機碳庫變化的主導因素。本研究將進一步揭示農(nóng)田土壤有機碳變化規(guī)律,闡明自然因素和人為因素對農(nóng)田土壤有機碳的影響,為合理制定農(nóng)田土壤管理政策、促進土壤碳固定提供科學依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Soil organic matter is the core of soil fertility and an important part of soil. Although soil organic carbon in farmland is only part of the total weight of soil organic matter, soil organic carbon in farmland has important role and significance in maintaining soil fertility, environmental protection, and sustainable agricultural development. Since the founding of the people's Republic, China has carried out 3. The first Soil Census began in 1958. The first soil survey was based on soil agricultural properties, and the first agricultural soil classification system in China was put forward. The second Soil Census began in 1979. It was based on soil forming conditions, soil forming process and its genus as the basis for soil classification, and soil, subcategory, and soil genera. 5 grade classification of soil species and variety. The third soil testing work began in 2005. China carried out a national soil testing and fertilization project with national financial subsidies. The soil and fertilizer departments of all agricultural counties (fields and units) collected a large number of soil samples in the local fields, vegetable fields and orchards, including soil organic matter, total nitrogen and effective soil. Phosphorus, quick acting potassium, pH and other projects. Under regional scale, the main factors affecting soil organic carbon in farmland are regional microcosmic factors, such as topography, tillage system, soil parent material, vegetation, altitude and so on. But on the macro scale, many micro factors may not be the main factors that affect the distribution of organic carbon in farmland soil. This paper systematically collates the factors. The first soil survey, the second soil survey and the basic data set of the national soil testing formula fertilization project, studied the distribution of soil organic carbon in the large scale time, and discussed the natural factors (annual average temperature, annual mean precipitation, longitude, latitude, climate change, altitude), soil properties (pH, soil viscosity). The effects of human factors (fertilizer application, grain yield, total population, straw returning) on the soil organic carbon content and distribution of farmland soil, in order to reveal the law of soil organic carbon evolution in farmland, provide a theoretical basis for government departments to formulate relevant policies. The main results and conclusions are as follows: 1. according to the following: The degree of soil organic carbon change of farmland soil in each plate for more than 60 years was analyzed every 10 degrees and 5 degrees every 5 degrees. The results showed that the soil organic carbon content of farmland soil in North China and central region showed an increasing trend in the last 60 years, and the organic carbon content of farmland soil decreased obviously in Northeast China for 60 years. .2. first soil survey, second soil survey and soil testing formula fertilization results showed that latitude and annual average temperature had an important influence on the distribution of soil organic carbon in farmland. The content of soil organic carbon in farmland increased with the elevation of latitude and the decrease of annual average temperature, longitude and annual average precipitation. The organic carbon content of farmland soil has a certain influence. In the east to the northeast of China, the organic carbon content of farmland soil decreases with the decrease of annual average temperature in the western region. In the northern part of China, the organic carbon content of farmland soil decreases with the decrease of annual average precipitation, and the organic carbon in farmland soil. With the increase of pH, the content of the content increased with the increase of the elevation and then the decrease of the parabolic trend. With the grain and the increase of the clay content, the.3. soil formula fertilization results showed that the organic carbon content of farmland soil and the annual average temperature were in the area of the average annual temperature less than 10 degrees C. The correlation is better than the annual average precipitation. The correlation between the soil organic carbon content and annual average precipitation is better than the annual average temperature in the area range of 10 -20 C. The correlation of soil organic carbon content with annual mean precipitation and annual average temperature in the area over 20 degrees centigrade is very good. The correlation results show that the organic carbon content in farmland soil has significant positive correlation with annual mean temperature and annual mean precipitation at 10 -20 C, but the correlation between soil organic carbon content and annual average precipitation is higher than that of annual mean temperature. The dominant factor in the distribution of organic carbon in farmland soil; in the regional range of annual average precipitation of 0-200 mm, there is a significant correlation between the organic carbon content of farmland soil and the annual average precipitation, but the correlation with the annual average temperature is very poor. The annual mean precipitation has the main driving effect, the annual average precipitation of 200-400 mm, 400-600 mm and 600-800 mm. The correlation between soil organic carbon content and annual average temperature in farmland is better than that of annual mean precipitation. The annual mean temperature is the main driving force, especially in the semi humid area of 400-800 mm. The organic carbon content of farmland soil has a very significant relationship with the annual average temperature, and the correlation coefficient is R=. 0.7430, the correlation of soil organic carbon content with annual mean temperature and annual mean precipitation in the area of annual average precipitation greater than 800 mm is very poor.4. although the data of straw returning amount is not comprehensive. However, this study analyses the possession of Mechanized Straw Returning surface and agricultural straw comminution machine in the year of 2004 in -2011 At the macro level, using the number of Mechanized Straw Returning machines in China in 1990 -2011, the straw returning area in 1990 was calculated in the year of 1990. The relationship between the straw returning area and the soil organic carbon content of farmland was deeply analyzed. The results showed that in the 31 provinces and regions of China, there were nearly 50% of the farmland soil in the 20 years. Organic carbon content showed an increasing trend, and the decrease of organic carbon content in farmland soil in Northeast China was more obvious. On macro level, the change rate of straw returning area and the change rate of soil organic carbon in farmland had significant correlation with the 0.05 level. The average value of Mechanized Straw Returning to farmland in 2011 was 2.92 times that of 1990, but it was the same as that of the whole country. Compared with the crop sown area, the area ratio of straw returning in China is very low, only 16.89%. is on the macro level. Climate conditions are the important factors affecting the distribution of organic carbon in farmland soil. The soil organic carbon bank of farmland is not an isolated ecosystem, which affects the natural factors and human factors of soil organic carbon pool in farmland soil. Although there is a close relationship with each other, human factors as a dynamic factor affecting the change of soil carbon pool in farmland can exceed the natural factors in a certain period to be the dominant factor affecting the change of organic carbon pool in farmland soil. This study will further reveal the regularity of soil organic carbon change in farmland and clarify the natural causes. The effects of vegetation and anthropogenic factors on soil organic carbon in farmland provide scientific basis for rational formulation of farmland soil management policies and promotion of soil carbon fixation.
【學位授予單位】：吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S153.6
本文編號：2164990
[Abstract]:Soil organic matter is the core of soil fertility and an important part of soil. Although soil organic carbon in farmland is only part of the total weight of soil organic matter, soil organic carbon in farmland has important role and significance in maintaining soil fertility, environmental protection, and sustainable agricultural development. Since the founding of the people's Republic, China has carried out 3. The first Soil Census began in 1958. The first soil survey was based on soil agricultural properties, and the first agricultural soil classification system in China was put forward. The second Soil Census began in 1979. It was based on soil forming conditions, soil forming process and its genus as the basis for soil classification, and soil, subcategory, and soil genera. 5 grade classification of soil species and variety. The third soil testing work began in 2005. China carried out a national soil testing and fertilization project with national financial subsidies. The soil and fertilizer departments of all agricultural counties (fields and units) collected a large number of soil samples in the local fields, vegetable fields and orchards, including soil organic matter, total nitrogen and effective soil. Phosphorus, quick acting potassium, pH and other projects. Under regional scale, the main factors affecting soil organic carbon in farmland are regional microcosmic factors, such as topography, tillage system, soil parent material, vegetation, altitude and so on. But on the macro scale, many micro factors may not be the main factors that affect the distribution of organic carbon in farmland soil. This paper systematically collates the factors. The first soil survey, the second soil survey and the basic data set of the national soil testing formula fertilization project, studied the distribution of soil organic carbon in the large scale time, and discussed the natural factors (annual average temperature, annual mean precipitation, longitude, latitude, climate change, altitude), soil properties (pH, soil viscosity). The effects of human factors (fertilizer application, grain yield, total population, straw returning) on the soil organic carbon content and distribution of farmland soil, in order to reveal the law of soil organic carbon evolution in farmland, provide a theoretical basis for government departments to formulate relevant policies. The main results and conclusions are as follows: 1. according to the following: The degree of soil organic carbon change of farmland soil in each plate for more than 60 years was analyzed every 10 degrees and 5 degrees every 5 degrees. The results showed that the soil organic carbon content of farmland soil in North China and central region showed an increasing trend in the last 60 years, and the organic carbon content of farmland soil decreased obviously in Northeast China for 60 years. .2. first soil survey, second soil survey and soil testing formula fertilization results showed that latitude and annual average temperature had an important influence on the distribution of soil organic carbon in farmland. The content of soil organic carbon in farmland increased with the elevation of latitude and the decrease of annual average temperature, longitude and annual average precipitation. The organic carbon content of farmland soil has a certain influence. In the east to the northeast of China, the organic carbon content of farmland soil decreases with the decrease of annual average temperature in the western region. In the northern part of China, the organic carbon content of farmland soil decreases with the decrease of annual average precipitation, and the organic carbon in farmland soil. With the increase of pH, the content of the content increased with the increase of the elevation and then the decrease of the parabolic trend. With the grain and the increase of the clay content, the.3. soil formula fertilization results showed that the organic carbon content of farmland soil and the annual average temperature were in the area of the average annual temperature less than 10 degrees C. The correlation is better than the annual average precipitation. The correlation between the soil organic carbon content and annual average precipitation is better than the annual average temperature in the area range of 10 -20 C. The correlation of soil organic carbon content with annual mean precipitation and annual average temperature in the area over 20 degrees centigrade is very good. The correlation results show that the organic carbon content in farmland soil has significant positive correlation with annual mean temperature and annual mean precipitation at 10 -20 C, but the correlation between soil organic carbon content and annual average precipitation is higher than that of annual mean temperature. The dominant factor in the distribution of organic carbon in farmland soil; in the regional range of annual average precipitation of 0-200 mm, there is a significant correlation between the organic carbon content of farmland soil and the annual average precipitation, but the correlation with the annual average temperature is very poor. The annual mean precipitation has the main driving effect, the annual average precipitation of 200-400 mm, 400-600 mm and 600-800 mm. The correlation between soil organic carbon content and annual average temperature in farmland is better than that of annual mean precipitation. The annual mean temperature is the main driving force, especially in the semi humid area of 400-800 mm. The organic carbon content of farmland soil has a very significant relationship with the annual average temperature, and the correlation coefficient is R=. 0.7430, the correlation of soil organic carbon content with annual mean temperature and annual mean precipitation in the area of annual average precipitation greater than 800 mm is very poor.4. although the data of straw returning amount is not comprehensive. However, this study analyses the possession of Mechanized Straw Returning surface and agricultural straw comminution machine in the year of 2004 in -2011 At the macro level, using the number of Mechanized Straw Returning machines in China in 1990 -2011, the straw returning area in 1990 was calculated in the year of 1990. The relationship between the straw returning area and the soil organic carbon content of farmland was deeply analyzed. The results showed that in the 31 provinces and regions of China, there were nearly 50% of the farmland soil in the 20 years. Organic carbon content showed an increasing trend, and the decrease of organic carbon content in farmland soil in Northeast China was more obvious. On macro level, the change rate of straw returning area and the change rate of soil organic carbon in farmland had significant correlation with the 0.05 level. The average value of Mechanized Straw Returning to farmland in 2011 was 2.92 times that of 1990, but it was the same as that of the whole country. Compared with the crop sown area, the area ratio of straw returning in China is very low, only 16.89%. is on the macro level. Climate conditions are the important factors affecting the distribution of organic carbon in farmland soil. The soil organic carbon bank of farmland is not an isolated ecosystem, which affects the natural factors and human factors of soil organic carbon pool in farmland soil. Although there is a close relationship with each other, human factors as a dynamic factor affecting the change of soil carbon pool in farmland can exceed the natural factors in a certain period to be the dominant factor affecting the change of organic carbon pool in farmland soil. This study will further reveal the regularity of soil organic carbon change in farmland and clarify the natural causes. The effects of vegetation and anthropogenic factors on soil organic carbon in farmland provide scientific basis for rational formulation of farmland soil management policies and promotion of soil carbon fixation.
【學位授予單位】：吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S153.6
【參考文獻】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條
1 張金屯;全球氣候變化對自然土壤碳、氮循環(huán)的影響[J];地理科學;1998年05期
，本文編號：2164990
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