【摘要】：土壤水是植物生長和生存的重要物質基礎,開展森林土壤水研究對于水土保持、生態(tài)保護、林業(yè)管理具有重要意義。森林植被類型差異導致了土壤容重、土壤有機碳總量、水穩(wěn)性團聚體、土壤水飽和傳導率等土壤性狀的差異,并成為影響森林土壤水分特性變化的重要因素。本研究以浙江鳳陽山國家級自然保護區(qū)內的常綠闊葉林、針闊混交林、竹林以及茶園為研究對象,通過野外調查、模擬實驗、定點觀測、室內分析等手段,研究了樹木根系穿孔、土壤特征因子及剖面構造等對土壤水分傳輸和優(yōu)先流特性的影響。在研究過程中,為表征土壤含水率變化特性及樹木根系對優(yōu)先流的影響,定義了“土壤含水率變化時間指數”、“土壤含水率變化幅度指數”、“細根根系滲透比”、“根系相對滲透面積”及“根系滲透影響指數”5個參數。研究結果如下:(1)植被類型對土壤性狀及細根生物量影響顯著。隨土壤深度增加,4種植被類型土壤容重呈上升趨勢,土壤總有機碳呈減少趨勢。常綠闊葉林和針闊混交林中,土壤毛管孔隙度隨土壤深度增加而減少,竹林和茶園中土壤毛管孔隙度變化不顯著。土壤非毛管孔隙度在常綠闊葉林先下降后上升,在針闊混交林和竹林呈現上升趨勢,在茶園中則呈下降趨勢;常綠闊葉林、針闊混交林和竹林的土壤細根生物量呈現下降趨勢,在茶園中先下降后上升。土壤大型團聚體含量在常綠闊葉林先增加后減少,在針闊混交林中先減少后增加,在竹林和茶園無顯著差異。土壤中型團聚體含量在常綠闊葉林和竹林先減少后增加,在針闊混交林和茶園則先增加后減少。土壤小型水穩(wěn)性團聚體含量在常綠闊葉林和茶園先下降后上升,在針闊混交林逐漸上升,而在竹林基本保持不變。水穩(wěn)性團聚體組成結構的主要影響因素為土壤總有機碳、非毛管孔隙度,以及細根生物量。隨土層深度的增加,土壤飽和導水率在常綠闊葉林呈上升趨勢,在針闊混交林和竹林差異不顯著,而在茶園先下降后上升;在土壤飽和導水率的各潛在影響因子中,非毛管孔隙度、土壤大型水穩(wěn)性團聚體、中型水穩(wěn)性團聚體對土壤飽和導水率的影響較大,其影響程度所占的比重分別為51.2%、17%、10.6%。(2)常綠闊葉林中,0-10cm及10-20cm土壤層土壤含水率接近,但低于20-30cm土層;針闊混交林與竹林中,各土壤層土壤含水率接近;茶園土壤層含水率與常綠闊葉林類似,但茶園不同土壤層含水率差異顯著;2014年、2015年、2016年,4種植被類型各土壤層含水率最大值多出現于5-8月的春夏季節(jié),而各土壤層含水率最小值則多出現于11月到次年1月的冬季。降雨對土壤含水率變化具有主導作用,降雨時間是影響“土壤含水率變化時間指數”最重要的正效應因素,“土壤含水率變化時間指數”與降雨時間之間的通徑系數為0.699;總降雨量是影響“土壤含水率變化幅度指數”最重要的負效應因素,“土壤含水率變化幅度指數”與總降雨量之間的通徑系數為0.549,此外,上述指數隨著土壤溫度升高都有增加的趨勢。(3)隨著降雨強度的增加,經由剖面產生的優(yōu)先流量、經由枯根產生的優(yōu)先流量,以及經由1mm與2mm根徑細根產生的優(yōu)先流量逐漸增加,并且增加的幅度隨之增加。在同一降雨強度條件下,各土壤層之間經由剖面產生的優(yōu)先流量、經由枯根產生的優(yōu)先流量,以及經由1mm與2mm根徑細根產生的優(yōu)先流量均有較大差異,特別是在降雨強度為240mm h~(-1)時,10cm土壤層經由剖面產生的優(yōu)先流量、經由枯根產生的優(yōu)先流量,以及經由1mm與2mm根徑細根產生的優(yōu)先流量明顯大于20cm與30cm。同一降雨強度條件下,10cm土壤層與30cm土壤層相比,經由剖面產生的優(yōu)先流量與經由枯根產生的優(yōu)先流量分別相差可達10倍,經由1mm與2mm根徑細根產生的優(yōu)先流量分別相差達70倍與20倍�！凹毟禎B透比”受降雨強度及土壤深度影響規(guī)律各不相同。降雨強度為150 mm h~(-1),200 mm h~(-1)以及240 mm h~(-1)條件下,10 cm土壤層的枯根、1mm細根及2mm細根根系滲透比存在顯著差異,20cm及30 cm土壤層,不同類型的細根根系滲透比差異不顯著;在降雨強度分別為100 mm h~(-1),150 mm h~(-1),200 mm h~(-1)以及240 mm h~(-1)條件下,各根系相對滲透面積的差異主要體現在10 cm土壤層,在其余土壤層,根系相對滲透面積的差異并不顯著;在降雨強度分別為150 mm h~(-1),200 mm h~(-1),240 mm h~(-1)條件下,不同類型細根根系滲透影響指數差異也表現在10 cm土壤層。對“根系滲透比”以及“根系滲透影響指數“進行了結構平衡方程模型分析后發(fā)現,全部因子可以解釋73.2%“根系滲透影響指數”,其中降雨強度及“根系滲透比”對于“根系滲透影響指數”有顯著的直接正效應。(4)在人工模擬降雨與自然降雨條件下,發(fā)現“土壤優(yōu)先流產生過程中,流量逐漸減少甚至停止現象”的現象,本研究將其定義為“土壤栓塞”,簡稱“土栓”,該現象的消除稱之為“土壤栓塞消除”,簡稱“土栓消除”。自然降雨條件下,隨著時間的延伸,經由細根產生的土壤優(yōu)先流總量呈現逐漸減少的趨勢;產生優(yōu)先流的細根數量總體上呈現階梯下降的趨勢;盡管產生優(yōu)先流的細根數量總體上在減少,但就每次觀測而言,會產生“部分原先產生優(yōu)先流的細根不再產生優(yōu)先流,原先并未觀測到優(yōu)先流產生的細根出現優(yōu)先流”的情況。在人工模擬降雨條件下,經由土壤剖面、枯根、1mm與2mm細根所產生優(yōu)先流過程中,均有不同程度的“土壤栓塞”以及“土壤栓塞消除”發(fā)生�！巴寥浪ㄈ倍喑霈F于較大的降雨強度條件下,而且,在較大降雨強度條件下更容易產生“土壤栓塞消除”。
[Abstract]:Soil water is an important material basis for plant growth and survival. The study of forest soil water is of great significance to soil and water conservation, ecological protection and forestry management. The difference of forest vegetation types leads to the difference of soil bulk density, soil organic carbon amount, water stable aggregate, soil water saturation conductivity and so on. This study took the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Zhejiang Fengyang Mountain National Nature Reserve, the mixed forest of needle and broad-leaved forest, bamboo forest and tea garden as the research object. Through field investigation, simulation experiment, fixed observation, indoor analysis and so on, the paper studied the root perforation, soil characteristic factor and section structure of the tree. In the course of the study, in order to characterize the change characteristics of soil moisture content and the effect of tree root on the priority flow, the "time index of soil moisture content change", "soil water content change amplitude index", "root penetration ratio of fine root", "relative osmosis area of root system" and "root" were defined. The results are as follows: (1) the vegetation types have significant influence on soil properties and fine root biomass. With the increase of soil depth, the soil bulk density of 4 types of soil is on the rise, and the total organic carbon in soil decreases. The soil capillary porosity increases with the soil depth in the evergreen broad-leaved forest and the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. The porosity of soil capillary in the bamboo forest and the tea garden was not significant. The soil non capillary porosity increased after the evergreen broad-leaved Lin Xian descended, and increased in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and bamboo forest, and decreased in the tea garden; the evergreen broad-leaved forest, the mixed forest and bamboo forest of the broad-leaved forest and the bamboo forest showed a declining trend in the tea garden. The content of large soil aggregate in the evergreen broad-leaved forest decreased first and then decreased in the coniferous broad-leaved forest. There was no significant difference between the bamboo forest and the tea garden. The soil medium aggregate content increased first in the evergreen broad-leaved forest and bamboo forest, and then increased in the coniferous broad-leaved forest and the tea garden. The soil small water stability was reduced. The aggregate content increased first in evergreen broad-leaved forest and tea garden, and increased gradually in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, but remained unchanged in the bamboo forest. The main influencing factors of the composition structure of water stable aggregates were soil total organic carbon, non capillary porosity, and fine root biomass. With the increase of soil depth, the soil saturated water conductivity was evergreen broad-leaved. There is an upward trend in the forest and bamboo forest, but in the tea garden, the difference is not significant, but in the tea garden, the soil saturated water stability aggregate and the medium water stable aggregate have great influence on the soil saturated water conductivity, and the proportion of the influence degree is 5, respectively. In 1.2%, 17%, 10.6%. (2) evergreen broad-leaved forests, soil moisture content in soil layer 0-10cm and 10-20cm is close, but lower than that in 20-30cm soil layer; the soil water content of soil layer is close to that of the mixed forest and bamboo forest. The water content of the soil layer in the tea garden is similar to that of the evergreen broad-leaved forest, but the water content of different soil layers in the tea garden is significant. In 2014, 2015, 2016, 4 plants were planted. The maximum water content of each soil layer appeared in the spring and summer season of 5-8 months, while the minimum water content of each soil layer appeared in the winter from November to January of the following year. The rainfall has a leading role in the change of soil moisture content, and the rainfall time is the most important positive effect factor affecting the time index of soil water content, "soil water content" The path coefficient between the rate of change time index and the rainfall time is 0.699, and the total rainfall is the most important negative effect factor affecting the change amplitude index of soil water content, and the path coefficient between the change amplitude index of soil moisture content and the total rainfall is 0.549, in addition, the above index increases with the increase of soil temperature. (3) (3) with the increase of rainfall intensity, the priority flow generated by the section, the priority flow generated by the dry root, and the priority flow generated by the fine roots of the 1mm and the 2mm root diameter increase gradually, and the increase is increased. The preferential flow generated by the root and the preferential flow generated by the 1mm and the root diameter of 2mm are greatly different, especially when the rainfall intensity is 240mm h~ (-1), the priority flow generated by the 10cm soil layer via the section, and the priority flow generated by the root diameter of the 1mm and the 2mm root diameter are obviously greater than 20cm and 30cm. Under the same rainfall intensity, compared with the 30cm soil layer, the difference between the preferential flow produced by the 10cm soil layer and the priority flow generated by the dry root can reach 10 times respectively. The difference of the priority flow produced by the fine root diameter of the 1mm and the 2mm root is 70 and 20 times respectively. The regularity is different. The rainfall intensity is 150 mm h~ (-1), 200 mm h~ (-1) and 240 mm h~ (-1), and there is a significant difference in the root penetration ratio of the 10 cm soil layer, the 1mm root and the root root penetration ratio of 2mm fine root, and the difference of the root penetration ratio of the different types of root roots is not significant, and the rainfall intensity is 100, 150, 200, respectively. Under the conditions of mm h~ (-1) and 240 mm h~ (-1), the difference of the relative permeation area of each root system is mainly reflected in the 10 cm soil layer, and the relative permeability area of the root system is not significant in the rest of the soil layer. Under the condition of the rainfall intensity of 150 mm h~ (-1), 200 mm h~, and 240 Now 10 cm soil layer. After analyzing the structural equilibrium equation model of "root penetration ratio" and "root penetration influence index", it is found that all factors can explain the 73.2% "root penetration influence index", in which the rainfall intensity and "root penetration ratio" have significant direct positive effects on the "root permeability influence index". (4) Under the conditions of artificial rainfall and natural rainfall, the phenomenon that the flow of soil priority flow is gradually reduced or even stopped is found. This study defines it as "soil embolism", referred to as "soil embolus", which is called "soil embolism elimination", referred to as "soil suppository elimination". With the extension of time, the total amount of soil preferential flow generated by the fine roots is gradually decreasing; the number of fine roots producing priority flow presents a downward trend in general; although the number of fine roots that produces the priority flow is generally decreasing, the fine roots that produce a partial first flow of flow will no longer produce an advantage over each observation. "Soil embolism" and "soil embolism elimination" occurred in the process of preferential flow generated by soil profiles, dry roots, 1mm and 2mm fine roots in the simulated rainfall conditions. Under the condition of rainfall intensity, soil embolism can be eliminated more easily under the condition of greater rainfall intensity.
【學位授予單位】：南京林業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S714

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