【摘要】：罕臺川流域上游屬黃土丘陵溝壑區(qū)第—副區(qū),其水土保持治理具有典型性,本文以罕臺川流域上游為研究區(qū),在全面認識該流域上游土地利用現(xiàn)狀、水土保持治理現(xiàn)狀和流域水沙特點的前提下,通過設(shè)置標準徑流小區(qū)試驗觀測確定不同土地利用類型徑流深、侵蝕模數(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,基于典型淤地壩的蓄水量、攔沙量和使用壽命的研究,進而采用“水保法”計算罕臺川流域上游1998年、2013年水土保持措施的減水減沙效益；同時運用“水文法”計算了罕臺川流域上游1990～1999年、2000～2010年水土保持措施的的減水減沙效益,對比分析了“水文法”和“水保法”減水減沙效益計算結(jié)果。主要得出以下結(jié)論：(1)罕臺川流域降雨量年際變化較大,年內(nèi)70%以上年降雨是季節(jié)性降雨。徑流含沙量高,徑流和輸沙量年際差異極大,近期減少明顯。徑流、輸沙量年內(nèi)分配不均。(2)坡面不同土地利用類型2013年徑流深、侵蝕模數(shù)變化趨勢一致,表現(xiàn)為：荒地封育治理種草經(jīng)濟林喬木林灌木林喬灌混交林,荒地的徑流深、侵蝕模數(shù)最大,分別為10.7mm和8279t/km2·a,喬灌混交林的徑流深、侵蝕模數(shù)最小,分別為4.5mmm和2696t/km2·a。(3)1980～1989年建成的骨干壩使用壽命26年,比設(shè)計淤積年限延長6年。1990～1999年建成的骨干壩使用壽命30年,比設(shè)計淤積年限延長10年。2000～2009年建成的骨干壩、中型壩和小型壩使用壽命分別為34年、20年和11年,分別比設(shè)計淤積年限延長14年,10年和6年。2010年后建成的骨干壩、中型壩使用壽命分別為36年和22年,分別比設(shè)計淤積年限延長16年和12年。(4)基于“水保法”計算罕臺川流域上游1998年、2013年水土保持治理減水量分別為83.57萬m3和215.20萬m3,減水效益分別為13.90%和35.81%；減沙量分別為76.86萬t和190.77萬t,減沙效益分別為16.40%和40.71%。(5)基于“水文法”計算罕臺川流域1990～1999年、2000～2010年水土保持治理減水量分別為182萬m3、851萬m3,減沙量分別為243萬t、364萬t,減水效益分別為13.07%、61.09%,減沙效益分別為60.45%、90.55%。(6)對比分析了“水保法”和“水文法”計算罕臺川流域上游水土保持措施的減水減沙效益的計算結(jié)果,指出兩種方法計算結(jié)果存在差別的原因。得出今后研究中要將“水保法”和“水文法”同時運用來相互印證。
[Abstract]:The upper reaches of the Hantaichuan Basin belong to the second sub-region of the Loess Hilly and Gully region, and its soil and water conservation management is typical. This paper takes the upper reaches of the Hantaichuan Basin as the study area, and fully understands the present situation of land use in the upper reaches of the basin. Based on the present situation of soil and water conservation and the characteristics of river basin water and sediment, the runoff depth and erosion modulus of different land use types are determined by setting up standard runoff plot test observation, based on the water storage capacity of typical silt dam. Based on the study of sediment retention and service life, the benefits of water and sediment reduction of soil and water conservation measures in the upper reaches of Hantaichuan River Basin in 1998 and 2013 were calculated by using "soil and Water Conservation method". At the same time, the water and sediment reduction benefits of soil and water conservation measures in the upper reaches of Hantai River Basin from 1990 to 1999 are calculated by using "hydrological method", and the results of water and sediment reduction benefits of "hydrological method" and "soil and water conservation method" are compared and analyzed. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the annual rainfall in Hantaichuan Basin varies greatly, and more than 70% of the annual rainfall in the year is seasonal rainfall. The runoff sediment content is high, the runoff and sediment transport amount are greatly different from one year to another, and the recent decrease is obvious. The distribution of runoff and sediment transport is uneven in the year. (2) the runoff depth of different land use types on the slope in 2013 and the change trend of erosion modulus are the same, which are as follows: barren land closure, recommended economic forest, tree forest, shrub forest and shrub mixed forest, and the runoff depth of the wasteland, The erosion modulus is the largest, 10.7mm and 8279t/km2 a, respectively. The runoff depth and erosion modulus of Arbor and Irrigation mixed forest are the smallest, which are respectively 4.5mmm and 2696t/km2 A. (3) the service life of the backbone dam built from 1980 to 1989 is 26 years. The service life of the backbone dam, which was built from 1990 to 1999 and 10 years from 2000 to 2009, is 30 years longer than the designed silting life. The service life of the medium-sized dam and the small dam are 34, 20 and 11 years, respectively. The service life of medium dam and core dam built after 2010 are 36 years and 22 years respectively, which are 14 years, 10 years and 6 years longer than that of design siltation, respectively, and the service life of medium dam after 2010 is 36 years and 22 years respectively. (4) based on the method of soil and water conservation, the reduction of water and soil conservation in the upper reaches of Hantaichuan basin in 1998 was 835700 m3 and 2.152 million m3, respectively, and the benefit of water reduction was 13.90% and 35.81%, respectively. The sediment reduction was 768600 t and 1.9077 million t, respectively, and the benefit of sediment reduction was 16.40% and 40.71% respectively. (5) based on the hydrological method, the water reduction of soil and water conservation in the basin of Hantaichuan from 1990 to 1999 was 1.82 million m ~ 3851 million m ~ (3), and the sediment reduction was 2.43 million m ~ (3), respectively. T, 3.64 million t, the benefits of water reduction are 13.07 and 61.09, respectively, and the benefits of sediment reduction are 60.45 and 90.55, respectively. (6) the results of calculation of water and sediment reduction benefits of soil and water conservation measures in the upper reaches of Hantai River Basin are compared and analyzed by "soil and water conservation method" and "hydrological method". The reasons for the difference between the two methods are pointed out. It is concluded that both soil and water conservation law and hydrology law should be used to confirm each other in the future research.
【學位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S157

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