【摘要】：黃河三角洲地區(qū)淡水資源匱乏、土壤瘠薄、鹽分含量高,返鹽快,治理效果難以持久,嚴重制約該區(qū)糧食生產和土壤資源的合理利用。加強該區(qū)水肥管理,明確不同水肥運籌模式對鹽堿地的改良效果和作物的增產效應,對于促進黃河三角洲土壤資源的可持續(xù)利用,保障國家的糧食安全具有重要的意義。本研究以“渤海糧倉科技示范工程”項目課題為依托,以中度鹽堿地小麥-玉米輪作為研究對象,設置對照(CK)、習慣施肥(CM)、優(yōu)化習慣施肥(OCM1、OCM2)、化肥(2/3基肥+1/3追肥,OM1)、有機肥+化肥(2/3基肥+1/3追肥,OM2)、有機肥+減量化肥(2/3基肥+1/3追肥,OM3)、化肥(1/3追肥+2/3基肥,OM4)、有機肥+化肥(1/3追肥+2/3基肥,OM5)、有機肥+減量化肥(1/3追肥+2/3基肥,OM6)不同施肥處理,并設置了與OM4、OM5、OM6相對應的增加灌水量到2.5倍SPV(土壤孔隙體積)的OM7、OM8、OM9不同灌水量處理,研究了不同水肥運籌模式(肥料運籌+水分運籌)的控鹽增產效應,得到以下主要結論:(1)在小麥季,較之CK、CM處理,有機肥和化肥配施處理均具有控制鹽分、提高土壤養(yǎng)分的效應,其中灌水2.5倍SPV+有機肥+基追比1:2化肥這種運籌模式在成熟期水溶性鹽含量最低,較之空白減少了12.6%,在相同的施肥措施下,增加灌水量能減少0-20cm土壤全鹽含量11.5%-12.6%,20-40cm土壤全鹽含量7.8%-9.5%,水肥管理措施最為有效。(2)從小麥產量構成因子來看,水肥模式灌水2.5倍SPV+有機肥3600kg/hm2、化肥(N-P2O5-K2O=15%-5%-5%)基追比為1:2運籌模式小麥產量5384.4kg/hm2為最高,較習慣模式灌水1.5倍SPV、基施磷酸二銨(N-P2O5-K2O=18%-46%)750kg/hm2、追施尿素300kg/hm2的小麥產量2908.05kg/hm2,增產85.2%,是試驗中最優(yōu)的水肥模式。(3)在玉米成熟期,前期施用有機肥+2.5倍SPV灌水處理較之CK、CM處理均具有降低土壤水溶性鹽分的效應。其中一次性追施化肥(N-P2O5-K2O=15%-5%-5%)處理OM4和OM5全鹽含量顯著低于其他處理,分別比CK處理降低了29.2%、32.1%,在養(yǎng)分方面,有機肥和化肥配施處理均增加了土壤有效養(yǎng)分,其中OM5土壤有效磷含量最高,比OM4有顯著增加的趨勢,增加了42.4%,OM5土壤有機質含量比OM2高出7.2%,因此為最優(yōu)運籌模式。(4)從玉米產量因子來看,各水肥運籌處理的產量比對照均顯著增大,提高幅度為38.66%-65.43%。前期施用有機肥+2.5倍SPV灌水處理中,一次性追施化肥80%F1處理OM6的玉米產量最大,達到5184.75kg/hm2,較習慣模式提高了23.14%,說明在相同處理下化肥減量施用不會造成玉米減產。(5)灌水2.5倍SPV+有機肥3600kg/hm2+化肥(N-P2O5-K2O=15%-5%-5%)1:2基追比運籌模式可作為當地小麥-玉米輪作控鹽、供肥及穩(wěn)產增產的主要水肥運籌模式。
[Abstract]:In the Yellow River Delta region, the fresh water resources are scarce, the soil is barren, the salt content is high, the salt return is fast, and the control effect is difficult to last, which seriously restricts the grain production and the rational utilization of soil resources in this area. It is of great significance to strengthen the management of water and fertilizer in this area and to clarify the effects of different water and fertilizer management modes on the improvement of saline-alkali land and the increase of crop production. It is of great significance to promote the sustainable utilization of soil resources in the Yellow River Delta and to ensure the food security of the country. Based on the project of "Science and Technology demonstration Project of Grain Warehouse in Bohai Sea", this study takes wheat-corn wheel in moderate saline-alkali land as the research object. CK, CM, OCM1OCM2, OM1, OM2, OM2, OM3, OM4, OM4 Fertilizer (1 / 3 topdressing 2 / 3 base fertilizer OM5), organic fertilizer reducing fertilizer (1 / 3 topdressing 2 / 3 base fertilizer / OM6) different fertilization treatments, OM7OM8OM9, corresponding to OM4OM5OM6, which increased the irrigation amount to 2.5 times of SPV (soil pore volume), was used to study the effect of controlling salt and increasing yield of different water and fertilizer operation models. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) in wheat season, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer combined treatment have the effect of controlling salt content and increasing soil nutrient. Among them, 2.5 times SPV organic fertilizer is the lowest water-soluble salt content in the maturing stage, compared with the blank, the water soluble salt content decreased by 12.6. under the same fertilization measures, the water soluble salt content was the lowest in the operation mode of fertilizer at 1:2. Increasing irrigation amount can reduce the total salt content of 0-20cm soil 11.5-12.6cm-20 ~ 40cm soil total salt content 7.8-9.5cm soil, water and fertilizer management measures are the most effective. (2) from the wheat yield components, Water fertilizer model irrigation 2.5 times SPV organic fertilizer 3600kg 路hm ~ 2, fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O-15-5- 5%) ratio of 1:2, wheat yield 5384.4kg/hm2 was the highest. It is the best water and fertilizer model to apply N-P2O5-K2O18 (-46%) 750kg / hm ~ (2), urea 300kg/hm2 's yield 2908.05kg / hm ~ (2) and increase 85.2g / hm ~ (2), compared with that of conventional irrigation. (3) in the corn mature period, the wheat yield is 2908.05 kg / hm ~ (2) and the yield is 85.2%. (3) during the corn ripening period, the wheat yield is 2908.05 kg / hm ~ (2) and the yield is 85.2%. Compared with CK CM treatment, organic fertilizer 2.5 times SPV irrigation treatment had the effect of reducing soil water soluble salt. The total salt contents of OM4 and OM5 in the treatment of one-off fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O-15-5-5%) were significantly lower than those in other treatments, which were 29.2% lower than that of CK, respectively. In terms of nutrients, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer combined treatment increased the available nutrients of soil. The content of available phosphorus in OM5 soil was the highest, which was significantly higher than that of OM4, and the content of organic matter in soil OM5 was increased by 42.4% than that of OM2, so it was the best mode of operational research. (4) from the corn yield factor, the content of organic matter in soil of OM5 was higher than that of OM2. Compared with the control, the yield of the treatments increased significantly, and the range was 38.66-65.43. In the treatment of 2.5 times SPV irrigation with organic fertilizer, the corn yield of OM6 treated with single topdressing fertilizer 80 was the highest. It reached 5184.75 kg 路hm ~ (-2), which was 23.14% higher than that of the customary model, indicating that less fertilizer application under the same treatment would not result in corn yield reduction. (5) the 1:2 ratio operation of 3600kg/hm2 fertilizer (N-P _ 2O _ 5-K _ 2O _ (15) -5%) could be used as the local wheat-maize rotation control salt. The main water and fertilizer operation mode of supplying fertilizer and increasing yield steadily.
【學位授予單位】：山東農業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S156.42

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