本文選題：黃萎病 + 越冬��； 參考：《石河子大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：2014-2016年從石河子大學(xué)試驗(yàn)站、石河子大學(xué)試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)、伊犁特克斯縣農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)示范園、博爾塔拉蒙古自治州、石河子市121團(tuán)葡萄站、133團(tuán)、142團(tuán)采集到的棉花、秋葵、向日葵、亞麻、茄子、榆樹(shù)、苘麻、紅花、綠豆和白菜10種不同作物黃萎病發(fā)病植株共分離到14個(gè)黃萎病菌株。根據(jù)形態(tài)學(xué)鑒定、分子生物學(xué)鑒定和致病性測(cè)定,14個(gè)黃萎病菌株均被鑒定為大麗輪枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)。其中除秋葵黃萎病內(nèi)地已有報(bào)道外,紅花黃萎病和亞麻黃萎病至今國(guó)內(nèi)未見(jiàn)報(bào)道,它們是國(guó)內(nèi)新發(fā)現(xiàn)的兩種黃萎病。當(dāng)前新疆棉花黃萎病的發(fā)生面積較大,在其重病田輪作倒茬時(shí),建議不要種植紅花、秋葵和亞麻,以免引起不必要的損失。用12個(gè)來(lái)自不同作物的黃萎病菌株在8種植物上進(jìn)行交互接種試驗(yàn)查明,從博爾塔拉蒙古自治州89團(tuán)采集的秋葵黃萎病菌株嚴(yán)重感染秋葵,卻不感染棉花、苘麻、紅花、向日葵,對(duì)茄子和綠豆的感染率非常低。從伊犁特克斯縣采集的向日葵黃萎病菌株嚴(yán)重感染向日葵,卻不感染紅花,對(duì)棉花的發(fā)病率也很低。從石河子121團(tuán)和133團(tuán)保護(hù)地采集的茄子黃萎病菌株嚴(yán)重感染茄子,卻不感染紅花和亞麻。從石河子142團(tuán)綠豆上分離出的黃萎病菌株對(duì)綠豆的致病性較強(qiáng),卻不感染茄子。從石河子大學(xué)試驗(yàn)站病圃中不同作物分離出的黃萎病菌株對(duì)棉花、紅花、秋葵、向日葵的致病性都很強(qiáng),對(duì)茄子的致病性很低。說(shuō)明在大麗輪枝菌中存在一定的致病性分化。微菌核是黃萎病菌最主要的初次侵染來(lái)源,實(shí)驗(yàn)初步證明,越冬后的微菌核可能存在一個(gè)短暫的休眠期和恢復(fù)期,主要表現(xiàn)為同樣情況下越冬后的微菌核其萌發(fā)率降低,萌發(fā)速率變緩,其菌落生長(zhǎng)速度也比不越冬的微菌核要慢。另外經(jīng)菌絲越冬試驗(yàn)還發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管越冬后大部分菌絲消解,但可能仍有部分菌絲存活,這些土壤中部分存活的菌絲,也可能成為初次侵染的來(lái)源,有關(guān)這方面的研究,尚未見(jiàn)詳細(xì)報(bào)道,有待繼續(xù)研究。經(jīng)不同生育階段接種試驗(yàn),初步查明,對(duì)2葉期至9葉期棉花進(jìn)行接種,都能發(fā)病,但以4-7葉期發(fā)病最重。棉花一般在6葉期左右現(xiàn)蕾,這一結(jié)果與原蘇聯(lián)學(xué)者別列賽普金娜(1986)認(rèn)為“該病在棉花營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)期的不同階段都可侵入,2-6片真葉至現(xiàn)蕾期是最容易感病的時(shí)期”比較相符;與國(guó)內(nèi)部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為“現(xiàn)蕾前抗病,現(xiàn)蕾后感病”的結(jié)論有些不符。具體棉花何時(shí)最易感病?有待繼續(xù)研究。經(jīng)棉田不同土層中溫度及其對(duì)病菌生長(zhǎng)抑制作用的觀(guān)測(cè),結(jié)果表明自5月11日觀(guān)測(cè)起,表層土壤溫度不斷升高,特別在五月下旬和六月上中旬這段時(shí)間,植株尚處于幼苗期,行間地膜大部分裸露,被太陽(yáng)直曬,土壤表層5~10cm土層中的最高溫度大部分都在30℃以上,甚至超過(guò)35℃和40℃;既使20 cm土層中的最高溫度大部分也在30℃以上。尤其5月25日-6月18日(降雨)這段時(shí)間,其最高溫度大都在35℃以上,有些甚至超過(guò)40℃。經(jīng)觀(guān)察,在這種情況下,埋入5cm土層中的黃萎病菌因高溫不長(zhǎng);埋入10 cm土層中黃萎病菌生長(zhǎng)速度僅為30 cm土層中病菌生長(zhǎng)速度的47.4%,既使埋入20 cm土層中黃萎病菌的生長(zhǎng)速度也受到一定抑制。據(jù)有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)介紹:微菌核主要存在于0~20cm土層中,氣溫對(duì)棉花黃萎病發(fā)生的臨界溫度是平均溫度27℃~28℃,或最高氣溫35℃,看來(lái)地溫對(duì)黃萎病發(fā)生的影響與此也基本相符。六月中旬后,由于植株不斷長(zhǎng)高,隨著棉花葉片的遮光作用越來(lái)越明顯,供測(cè)各層土壤溫度開(kāi)始逐漸下降,黃萎病也逐漸發(fā)生并加重。這種現(xiàn)象與我們觀(guān)測(cè)結(jié)果基本一致。
[Abstract]:2014-2016 years from the Shihezi University test station, the Shihezi University test field, the Yili Turks County Agricultural Technology Demonstration Garden, the Bortala Mongolia Autonomous Prefecture, the Shihezi 121 regiment grape station, the 133 regiment, the sunflower, the sunflower, the flax, the eggplant, the elm, the red flower, the mung bean and the cabbage, 10 different crops of Verticillium wilt disease A total of 14 Verticillium wilt strains were isolated. According to morphological identification, molecular identification and pathogenicity, 14 Verticillium wilt strains were identified as Verticillium dahliae. In addition to the reports of Verticillium Wilt in the mainland of okra, Verticillium Wilt and Flax Wilt have not been reported in China. They are newly discovered at home. Two kinds of Verticillium wilt. At present, the area of Verticillium Wilt of cotton in Xinjiang is large. In the rotation of the heavy disease field, it is suggested not to plant red flowers, okra and flax to avoid unnecessary loss. 12 plants of Verticillium wilt from different crops have been inoculated on 8 plants and obtained from 89 regiments from the Mongolia Autonomous Prefecture of Mongolia Autonomous Prefecture. The Verticillium Wilt Pathogen of okra is seriously infected with okra, but it does not infect cotton. The infection rate of Eggplant and mung is very low. The sunflower Verticillium Wilt Pathogen from Yili's tex county is seriously infected with sunflower, but it does not infect red flowers, and the incidence of cotton is very low. From Shihezi 121 regiments and 133 regiments of protected areas. The Verticillium wilt strain of eggplant is seriously infected with eggplant, but it does not infect red flowers and flax. The pathogenicity of Verticillium wilt strains isolated from the 142 regiments of Shihezi green bean is stronger than eggplant. The pathogenicity of Verticillium wilt strains isolated from different crops from the disease nursery of Shihezi University is very pathogenic to cotton, safflower, okra and sunflower. The pathogenicity of eggplant is very low. It shows that there is a certain pathogenicity in the Rhizoctonia dahliae. The micro sclerotium is the main source of primary infection of Verticillium wilt. The experiment has proved that the micro sclerotium may have a short dormancy period and a recovery period after the winter, which is mainly manifested in the germination rate of the micro sclerotium in the same case after overwintering. The rate of germination was slower and the growth rate of the colony was slower than that of the non wintering sclerotium. In addition, it was also found that although most mycelium disappeared after the overwintering, some of the mycelium may still survive, and some of the surviving mycelium in these soils may also be the primary source of infection, and the research on this aspect has not been seen yet. In detail, it needs to be studied in detail. After inoculation at different stages of birth, it is found that the inoculation of cotton from 2 to 9 leaves can occur, but the disease is the most serious in the 4-7 leaf period. The cotton is generally bud in the 6 leaf period. This result and the former Soviet scholar Bie Leo Sai Pugin Aa (1986) believe that "the disease is different in the stage of cotton growth." The period of 2-6 slices of true leaf to bud is the most susceptible period. It was shown that the surface soil temperature increased continuously since May 11th, especially in late May and mid June. The plant was still in the seedling stage. Most of the interlayer film was exposed to the sun, and the highest temperature in the 5~10cm soil layer was above 30 degrees C, even more than 35 and 40 C, even in the 20 cm soil layer. Most of the maximum temperature is above 30 degrees C. Especially in the period of -6 month 18 (rainfall) May 25th, the maximum temperature is above 35 degrees C, and some even over 40. It is observed that in this case, the pathogen of Verticillium Wilt in the 5cm soil layer is not long, and the growth rate of Verticillium Wilt in the 10 cm soil layer is only the growth of the 30 cm soil layer. The speed of 47.4%, even the growth rate of Verticillium Wilt in the 20 cm soil layer is also restrained. According to the relevant literature, the micro sclerotium is mainly in the 0~20cm soil layer, the critical temperature of the temperature to the cotton Verticillium wilt is 27 C ~28 C, or the highest temperature 35 C. It seems that the effect of the ground temperature on the occurrence of Verticillium wilt is also basic. In the middle of June, the soil temperature in each layer began to decline gradually and the Verticillium wilt gradually took place and aggravated with the growing height of the plant, as the light shading effect of the cotton leaves became more and more obvious. This phenomenon was basically consistent with the results of our observation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：石河子大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S432.4

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