本文選題：汶川地震 + 四川理縣��； 參考：《中國(guó)林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：2008年發(fā)生的“5.12”汶川大地震發(fā)生地是我國(guó)長(zhǎng)江上游重要的水源涵養(yǎng)地和水土保持區(qū),也是我國(guó)森林資源的主要分布區(qū)之一。地震造成的水土流失、山體滑坡、泥石流等次生災(zāi)害,對(duì)森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展帶來了持續(xù)的不利影響,造成土層變薄、土壤貧瘠化,森林生態(tài)功能下降。為此,通過對(duì)災(zāi)區(qū)森林土壤環(huán)境的變化特征的研究,對(duì)加快災(zāi)區(qū)森林土壤的生態(tài)修復(fù),確保該區(qū)域的生態(tài)安全具有十分重要意義。本文以理縣的熊爾山和蒲溪溝兩個(gè)受災(zāi)區(qū)中典型的人工林岷江柏林作為研究對(duì)象,采用現(xiàn)代儀器分析方法和分子生物學(xué)技術(shù),圍繞土壤的基本理化性質(zhì)、土壤微生物豐度和土壤粘粒礦物等方面開展比較研究,探索地震對(duì)森林土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量帶來的影響,為災(zāi)區(qū)土壤修復(fù)提供可靠的理論依據(jù)。研究結(jié)果得到:(1)地震對(duì)岷江柏林土壤理化性質(zhì)帶來十分明顯的變化。與未遭地震破壞的土壤相比,5個(gè)受地震影響嚴(yán)重的林分表層土壤(0~20 cm)的粘粒含量平均下降了54.4%,土壤容重平均值達(dá)1.28 g·cm-3,顯著高于對(duì)照土壤。同時(shí),地震后造成各個(gè)土層(0~20cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm)的p H顯著升高,p H值平均提高了11.5%。地震造成的土體擠壓和山體崩塌在一定程度上導(dǎo)致了土壤容重升高,總孔隙度降低,地震造成土壤團(tuán)聚結(jié)構(gòu)體破壞,土壤顆粒缺乏有機(jī)質(zhì)的膠結(jié),進(jìn)而土壤抗侵蝕能力減弱,發(fā)生粘粒淋失。。受地震影響土壤的陽(yáng)離子交換量(CEC)最大值為5.88 cmol·kg-1,最小值為1.74cmol·kg-1,平均值為3.72 cmol·kg-1,是對(duì)照土壤的1/4~1/5,土壤保肥能力十分低下。土壤粘粒流失、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量減少及p H值增加是導(dǎo)致CEC減少的主要原因。受地震影響土壤的全氮、堿解氮、有效磷、速效鉀平均含量均低于對(duì)照區(qū),土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)與全氮、堿解氮、有效磷、陽(yáng)離子交換量之間的相關(guān)性達(dá)到顯著,說明土壤的有機(jī)質(zhì)含量對(duì)土壤肥力的提高和維持具有十分重要的作用。調(diào)查地的土壤C/N大部分在12以下,而對(duì)照土壤的值在19.5~34.9的范圍內(nèi),表明地震造成土壤的碳損失率大于氮損失率。(2)地震對(duì)土壤微生物的群落結(jié)構(gòu)和豐度帶來顯著的影響。運(yùn)用熒光定量PCR技術(shù)對(duì)地震災(zāi)區(qū)六種土壤微生物豐度進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析得到,調(diào)查區(qū)土壤中除了含細(xì)菌、真菌外,古菌含量也較高。受地震影響,土壤的細(xì)菌、真菌、古菌、泉古菌、氨氧化古菌和氨氧化細(xì)菌的基因拷貝數(shù)平均值分別為4.73×107 copies·g-1干土,6.89×105 copies·g-1干土,2.88×106 copies·g-1干土,6.25×105 copies·g-1干土,5.36×104 copies·g-1干土和4.77×104 copies·g-1干土,都出現(xiàn)顯著的下降。受地震影響土壤的不同微生物的平均基因拷貝數(shù)由大到小排序?yàn)榧?xì)菌古菌真菌泉古菌氨氧化古菌氨氧化細(xì)菌。細(xì)菌具有較高的豐度,是受災(zāi)地土壤微生物群落中的優(yōu)勢(shì)菌。地震影響土壤的微生物數(shù)量與土壤各項(xiàng)理化性質(zhì)相關(guān)性不顯著。主成分分析發(fā)現(xiàn),古菌、泉古菌和氨氧化古菌3類菌群之間關(guān)系密切,表明氨氧化古菌在泉古菌或固菌中占有重要的位置。同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),氨氧化古菌和同氨氧化細(xì)菌在研究土壤中的數(shù)量變動(dòng)存在著明顯的不一致性,兩者之間存在著互補(bǔ)性。細(xì)菌和真菌在主成分分析中占有位置十分相近,可能同兩類微生物同土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的緊密關(guān)系有關(guān),地震造成土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的急劇減少,將嚴(yán)重影響土壤細(xì)菌和真菌的數(shù)量。(3)土壤粘粒對(duì)調(diào)查土壤的理化特性、肥力保持等方面都具有重要的意義。采用XRD、紅外譜和EDS等技術(shù)分析得到,調(diào)查熊爾山、蒲溪溝兩地土壤的粘粒組成相似,主要是伊利石、高嶺石、綠泥石和伊蒙混層,其中伊利石含量高達(dá)69.8%~77.7%�；瘜W(xué)組成均以Si O2、A12O3、Fe2O3為主,其中Si O2含量占到一半左右。土壤粘粒比表面積在56.8~46.5 m3·g-1,均以介孔為主。調(diào)查土壤中粘粒的組成和結(jié)構(gòu)特征對(duì)土壤保水、保肥具有十分重要的作用。研究表明,地震帶來的土壤障礙因子包括:土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量減少,土壤p H升高,表層土壤質(zhì)地較粗,粘粒含量少,土壤微生物多樣性減少。為此,我們提出以下土壤修復(fù)建議:(1)增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)�？筛鶕�(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)際情況建議施用有機(jī)肥料或套種綠肥。(2)提高土壤粘土礦物含量。適當(dāng)添加緩沖性能強(qiáng)的粘土礦物如蒙脫石、蛭石等,有助于豐富土壤粘粒的組成成分和提高粘粒含量,提高土壤陽(yáng)離子交換量,促進(jìn)土壤有機(jī)無機(jī)復(fù)合體的形成。(3)改善土壤p H值�？梢赃x擇施用一定的酸性肥料有機(jī)無機(jī)復(fù)合肥(如農(nóng)家肥和硫酸銨復(fù)合肥)、酸性有機(jī)改良劑(如褐煤、風(fēng)化煤等)及p H值相對(duì)較低的低溫生物炭等修復(fù)材料,達(dá)到既改善土壤p H條件,又提高土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的效果。
[Abstract]:The "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake occurred in 2008 is an important source of water conservation and soil conservation areas in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and one of the main distribution areas of forest resources in China. The secondary disasters such as soil erosion, landslides and debris flows caused by the earthquake have brought a continuous negative impact on the stability and development of the forest ecological system. The soil layer becomes thinner, the soil is barren and the ecological function of the forest is reduced. Therefore, it is of great significance to accelerate the ecological restoration of the forest soil and ensure the ecological security of the area by the study of the change characteristics of the forest soil environment in the disaster area. This paper takes the two typical artificial forests in Xiong and Puxi gully of Lixian. Berlin, Minjiang River, as a research object, uses modern instrumental analysis and molecular biology techniques to compare the basic physical and chemical properties of soil, soil microbial abundance and soil clay minerals, explore the impact of earthquake on the quality of forest soil environment, and provide a reliable theoretical basis for soil remediation in disaster areas. The results are as follows: (1) the physical and chemical properties of the soil in Berlin, Minjiang River, have been greatly changed. Compared with the soil without earthquake damage, the content of the clay particles in the soil surface soil (0~20 cm), which is seriously affected by the earthquake, decreased by 54.4% and the average value of the soil bulk density reached 1.28 G. Cm-3, which was significantly higher than that of the control soil. The P H of each soil layer (0~20cm, 20~40 cm and 40~60 cm) increased significantly. The P H value increased the soil bulk density and the mountain collapse caused by the 11.5%. earthquake to a certain extent, which resulted in the increase of soil bulk density, the decrease of total porosity, the destruction of the soil aggregate structure, the lack of cementation of the organic matter in the soil particles, and the erosion resistance of the soil. The maximum value of CEC is 5.88 CMoL. Kg-1, the minimum value is 1.74cmol. Kg-1, and the average value is 3.72 CMoL. Kg-1. It is the 1/4~1/5 of the soil, and the soil conservation ability is very low. The loss of soil clay particles, the decrease of organic matter and the increase of P H value are the main factors that lead to the CEC decrease. The average content of total nitrogen, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in soil was lower than that of the control area. The correlation between soil organic matter and total nitrogen, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus and cation exchange was significant, indicating that soil organic matter content was very important to the improvement and maintenance of soil fertility. The soil C The majority of /N is below 12, while the value of soil in the range of 19.5~34.9 indicates that the soil carbon loss rate is greater than the nitrogen loss rate. (2) the earthquake has a significant influence on the community structure and abundance of soil microbes. The fluorescence quantitative PCR technique is used to compare and analyze the abundance of six kinds of soil microbes in the earthquake stricken areas. Besides bacteria and fungi, the content of palaeophore in the soil was also high. The average value of gene copies of bacteria, fungi, archaea, spring palaebacteria, ammoxic and ammoxidation bacteria was 4.73 * 107 copies. G-1 dry soil, 6.89 x 105 copies / g-1 dry soil, 2.88 x 106 copies. G-1 dry soil, 6.25 * 105 copies g-1 dry soil. The 5.36 * 104 copies / g-1 dry soil and 4.77 x 104 copies / g-1 dry soil were all significantly decreased. The average gene copy number of different microbes from the soil affected by the earthquake was from large to small to the bacteria paleo ammoxidation of paleo ammoxic bacteria. The bacteria had higher abundance, which was the advantage of the soil microbial community in the affected soil. The correlation between the number of microbes affecting the soil and the physical and chemical properties of soil was not significant. The principal component analysis found that the relationship between the 3 types of bacteria was closely related to the Archaea, the paleoarchaea and the ammoxic bacteria, indicating that the ammonia oxidizing archaea had an important position in the spring palaeobacteria or the solid bacteria. There are obvious inconsistencies in the changes in the number of soil. The position of the bacteria and fungi in the principal component analysis is very close, which may be related to the close relationship between the two types of microbes and the organic matter in the soil. The earthquake caused a sharp decrease in the organic matter of the soil, which will seriously affect the number of soil bacteria and fungi. (3) Soil clay particles are of great significance to the investigation of soil physical and chemical properties and fertility. Using XRD, infrared spectrum and EDS techniques, the clay particles in the soils of Xiong mountain and Puxi gully are similar, mainly illite, kaolinite, chlorite and Imime, and the illite content is up to the 69.8%~77.7%. chemical group. The content of Si O2, A12O3 and Fe2O3 dominated, of which the content of Si O2 accounted for about half. The specific surface area of soil clay particles was 56.8~46.5 m3. G-1, which were mainly mesoporous. The investigation of the composition and structural characteristics of clay particles in soil has a very important role in soil conservation and fertilizer conservation. The soil P H increased, soil texture was coarser, clay content was less, and soil microbial diversity decreased. Therefore, we proposed the following soil remediation recommendations: (1) increase soil organic matter. Organic manure or interplanting green manure can be applied according to local actual conditions. (2) improve soil clay mineral content. Appropriate adding buffer performance is strong. Clay minerals such as montmorillonite and vermiculite help to enrich the composition of soil clay particles and increase the content of clay particles, increase the amount of soil cation exchange and promote the formation of soil organic and inorganic complexes. (3) improving the P H value of soil. Organic modifiers (such as lignite, weathered coal, etc.) and low P H values of low temperature biological carbon have been used to improve the soil P H conditions and improve the effect of soil organic matter.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S714

【相似文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 徐君怡,靳艷,虞星炬,金美芳,張衛(wèi);黃海繁茂膜海綿中微生物多樣性的研究[J];微生物學(xué)報(bào);2004年05期

2 ;河北省微生物多樣性研究與應(yīng)用實(shí)驗(yàn)室[J];河北大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版);2006年02期

3 謝小軍;;探測(cè)微生物多樣性的新方法[J];微生物學(xué)通報(bào);2007年05期

4 陳敏玲;李偉華;陳章和;;不同層面上微生物多樣性研究方法[J];生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào);2008年12期

5 劉璞;王紅梅;;海洋沉積物微生物多樣性研究[J];安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué);2009年10期

6 郭騰飛;毛海霞;;微生物多樣性研究技術(shù)進(jìn)展[J];山西師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版);2010年S2期

7 張樹政;微生物多樣性的全球影響[J];生物學(xué)通報(bào);1995年01期

8 姜成林,徐麗華;微生物多樣性及其保育[J];生物多樣性;1997年04期

9 劉鵬飛;趙丹;宋剛;葛菁萍;;變性梯度凝膠電泳技術(shù)在微生物多樣性研究中的應(yīng)用[J];微生物學(xué)雜志;2013年06期

10 于新娟;王莉莉;賈盛佼;董全江;;溫泉微生物多樣性與酶類分析[J];微生物學(xué)通報(bào);2014年01期

相關(guān)會(huì)議論文 前10條

1 陳代杰;戈梅;李繼安;;微生物多樣性與新藥發(fā)現(xiàn)[A];2008年中國(guó)藥學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)術(shù)年會(huì)暨第八屆中國(guó)藥師周論文集[C];2008年

2 劉文彥;楊蘇聲;;厭氧活性污泥中微生物多樣性的研究[A];2008年中國(guó)微生物學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)術(shù)年會(huì)論文摘要集[C];2008年

3 楊小茹;鄭天凌;;若干新技術(shù)在海洋微生物多樣性研究中的應(yīng)用[A];第八屆全國(guó)海岸河口學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)暨海岸河口理事會(huì)議論文摘要集[C];2004年

4 吳冰;田建卿;劉杏忠;;中國(guó)濕地微生物多樣性[A];中國(guó)菌物學(xué)會(huì)第五屆會(huì)員代表大會(huì)暨2011年學(xué)術(shù)年會(huì)論文摘要集[C];2011年

5 章戴榮;白林;周東勝;;利用T-RFLP技術(shù)分析微生物的多樣性[A];第三屆第八次全國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)暨動(dòng)物微生態(tài)企業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略論壇論文集[C];2006年

6 陳麗華;李sト，

本文編號(hào)：2028522