本文選題：汶川地震 + 四川理縣��； 參考：《中國林業(yè)科學研究院》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：2008年發(fā)生的“5.12”汶川大地震發(fā)生地是我國長江上游重要的水源涵養(yǎng)地和水土保持區(qū),也是我國森林資源的主要分布區(qū)之一。地震造成的水土流失、山體滑坡、泥石流等次生災害,對森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展帶來了持續(xù)的不利影響,造成土層變薄、土壤貧瘠化,森林生態(tài)功能下降。為此,通過對災區(qū)森林土壤環(huán)境的變化特征的研究,對加快災區(qū)森林土壤的生態(tài)修復,確保該區(qū)域的生態(tài)安全具有十分重要意義。本文以理縣的熊爾山和蒲溪溝兩個受災區(qū)中典型的人工林岷江柏林作為研究對象,采用現(xiàn)代儀器分析方法和分子生物學技術,圍繞土壤的基本理化性質(zhì)、土壤微生物豐度和土壤粘粒礦物等方面開展比較研究,探索地震對森林土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量帶來的影響,為災區(qū)土壤修復提供可靠的理論依據(jù)。研究結果得到:(1)地震對岷江柏林土壤理化性質(zhì)帶來十分明顯的變化。與未遭地震破壞的土壤相比,5個受地震影響嚴重的林分表層土壤(0~20 cm)的粘粒含量平均下降了54.4%,土壤容重平均值達1.28 g·cm-3,顯著高于對照土壤。同時,地震后造成各個土層(0~20cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm)的p H顯著升高,p H值平均提高了11.5%。地震造成的土體擠壓和山體崩塌在一定程度上導致了土壤容重升高,總孔隙度降低,地震造成土壤團聚結構體破壞,土壤顆粒缺乏有機質(zhì)的膠結,進而土壤抗侵蝕能力減弱,發(fā)生粘粒淋失。。受地震影響土壤的陽離子交換量(CEC)最大值為5.88 cmol·kg-1,最小值為1.74cmol·kg-1,平均值為3.72 cmol·kg-1,是對照土壤的1/4~1/5,土壤保肥能力十分低下。土壤粘粒流失、有機質(zhì)含量減少及p H值增加是導致CEC減少的主要原因。受地震影響土壤的全氮、堿解氮、有效磷、速效鉀平均含量均低于對照區(qū),土壤有機質(zhì)與全氮、堿解氮、有效磷、陽離子交換量之間的相關性達到顯著,說明土壤的有機質(zhì)含量對土壤肥力的提高和維持具有十分重要的作用。調(diào)查地的土壤C/N大部分在12以下,而對照土壤的值在19.5~34.9的范圍內(nèi),表明地震造成土壤的碳損失率大于氮損失率。(2)地震對土壤微生物的群落結構和豐度帶來顯著的影響。運用熒光定量PCR技術對地震災區(qū)六種土壤微生物豐度進行對比分析得到,調(diào)查區(qū)土壤中除了含細菌、真菌外,古菌含量也較高。受地震影響,土壤的細菌、真菌、古菌、泉古菌、氨氧化古菌和氨氧化細菌的基因拷貝數(shù)平均值分別為4.73×107 copies·g-1干土,6.89×105 copies·g-1干土,2.88×106 copies·g-1干土,6.25×105 copies·g-1干土,5.36×104 copies·g-1干土和4.77×104 copies·g-1干土,都出現(xiàn)顯著的下降。受地震影響土壤的不同微生物的平均基因拷貝數(shù)由大到小排序為細菌古菌真菌泉古菌氨氧化古菌氨氧化細菌。細菌具有較高的豐度,是受災地土壤微生物群落中的優(yōu)勢菌。地震影響土壤的微生物數(shù)量與土壤各項理化性質(zhì)相關性不顯著。主成分分析發(fā)現(xiàn),古菌、泉古菌和氨氧化古菌3類菌群之間關系密切,表明氨氧化古菌在泉古菌或固菌中占有重要的位置。同時發(fā)現(xiàn),氨氧化古菌和同氨氧化細菌在研究土壤中的數(shù)量變動存在著明顯的不一致性,兩者之間存在著互補性。細菌和真菌在主成分分析中占有位置十分相近,可能同兩類微生物同土壤有機質(zhì)的緊密關系有關,地震造成土壤有機質(zhì)的急劇減少,將嚴重影響土壤細菌和真菌的數(shù)量。(3)土壤粘粒對調(diào)查土壤的理化特性、肥力保持等方面都具有重要的意義。采用XRD、紅外譜和EDS等技術分析得到,調(diào)查熊爾山、蒲溪溝兩地土壤的粘粒組成相似,主要是伊利石、高嶺石、綠泥石和伊蒙混層,其中伊利石含量高達69.8%~77.7%�；瘜W組成均以Si O2、A12O3、Fe2O3為主,其中Si O2含量占到一半左右。土壤粘粒比表面積在56.8~46.5 m3·g-1,均以介孔為主。調(diào)查土壤中粘粒的組成和結構特征對土壤保水、保肥具有十分重要的作用。研究表明,地震帶來的土壤障礙因子包括:土壤有機質(zhì)含量減少,土壤p H升高,表層土壤質(zhì)地較粗,粘粒含量少,土壤微生物多樣性減少。為此,我們提出以下土壤修復建議:(1)增加土壤有機質(zhì)。可根據(jù)當?shù)貙嶋H情況建議施用有機肥料或套種綠肥。(2)提高土壤粘土礦物含量。適當添加緩沖性能強的粘土礦物如蒙脫石、蛭石等,有助于豐富土壤粘粒的組成成分和提高粘粒含量,提高土壤陽離子交換量,促進土壤有機無機復合體的形成。(3)改善土壤p H值。可以選擇施用一定的酸性肥料有機無機復合肥(如農(nóng)家肥和硫酸銨復合肥)、酸性有機改良劑(如褐煤、風化煤等)及p H值相對較低的低溫生物炭等修復材料,達到既改善土壤p H條件,又提高土壤有機質(zhì)的效果。
[Abstract]:The "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake occurred in 2008 is an important source of water conservation and soil conservation areas in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and one of the main distribution areas of forest resources in China. The secondary disasters such as soil erosion, landslides and debris flows caused by the earthquake have brought a continuous negative impact on the stability and development of the forest ecological system. The soil layer becomes thinner, the soil is barren and the ecological function of the forest is reduced. Therefore, it is of great significance to accelerate the ecological restoration of the forest soil and ensure the ecological security of the area by the study of the change characteristics of the forest soil environment in the disaster area. This paper takes the two typical artificial forests in Xiong and Puxi gully of Lixian. Berlin, Minjiang River, as a research object, uses modern instrumental analysis and molecular biology techniques to compare the basic physical and chemical properties of soil, soil microbial abundance and soil clay minerals, explore the impact of earthquake on the quality of forest soil environment, and provide a reliable theoretical basis for soil remediation in disaster areas. The results are as follows: (1) the physical and chemical properties of the soil in Berlin, Minjiang River, have been greatly changed. Compared with the soil without earthquake damage, the content of the clay particles in the soil surface soil (0~20 cm), which is seriously affected by the earthquake, decreased by 54.4% and the average value of the soil bulk density reached 1.28 G. Cm-3, which was significantly higher than that of the control soil. The P H of each soil layer (0~20cm, 20~40 cm and 40~60 cm) increased significantly. The P H value increased the soil bulk density and the mountain collapse caused by the 11.5%. earthquake to a certain extent, which resulted in the increase of soil bulk density, the decrease of total porosity, the destruction of the soil aggregate structure, the lack of cementation of the organic matter in the soil particles, and the erosion resistance of the soil. The maximum value of CEC is 5.88 CMoL. Kg-1, the minimum value is 1.74cmol. Kg-1, and the average value is 3.72 CMoL. Kg-1. It is the 1/4~1/5 of the soil, and the soil conservation ability is very low. The loss of soil clay particles, the decrease of organic matter and the increase of P H value are the main factors that lead to the CEC decrease. The average content of total nitrogen, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in soil was lower than that of the control area. The correlation between soil organic matter and total nitrogen, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus and cation exchange was significant, indicating that soil organic matter content was very important to the improvement and maintenance of soil fertility. The soil C The majority of /N is below 12, while the value of soil in the range of 19.5~34.9 indicates that the soil carbon loss rate is greater than the nitrogen loss rate. (2) the earthquake has a significant influence on the community structure and abundance of soil microbes. The fluorescence quantitative PCR technique is used to compare and analyze the abundance of six kinds of soil microbes in the earthquake stricken areas. Besides bacteria and fungi, the content of palaeophore in the soil was also high. The average value of gene copies of bacteria, fungi, archaea, spring palaebacteria, ammoxic and ammoxidation bacteria was 4.73 * 107 copies. G-1 dry soil, 6.89 x 105 copies / g-1 dry soil, 2.88 x 106 copies. G-1 dry soil, 6.25 * 105 copies g-1 dry soil. The 5.36 * 104 copies / g-1 dry soil and 4.77 x 104 copies / g-1 dry soil were all significantly decreased. The average gene copy number of different microbes from the soil affected by the earthquake was from large to small to the bacteria paleo ammoxidation of paleo ammoxic bacteria. The bacteria had higher abundance, which was the advantage of the soil microbial community in the affected soil. The correlation between the number of microbes affecting the soil and the physical and chemical properties of soil was not significant. The principal component analysis found that the relationship between the 3 types of bacteria was closely related to the Archaea, the paleoarchaea and the ammoxic bacteria, indicating that the ammonia oxidizing archaea had an important position in the spring palaeobacteria or the solid bacteria. There are obvious inconsistencies in the changes in the number of soil. The position of the bacteria and fungi in the principal component analysis is very close, which may be related to the close relationship between the two types of microbes and the organic matter in the soil. The earthquake caused a sharp decrease in the organic matter of the soil, which will seriously affect the number of soil bacteria and fungi. (3) Soil clay particles are of great significance to the investigation of soil physical and chemical properties and fertility. Using XRD, infrared spectrum and EDS techniques, the clay particles in the soils of Xiong mountain and Puxi gully are similar, mainly illite, kaolinite, chlorite and Imime, and the illite content is up to the 69.8%~77.7%. chemical group. The content of Si O2, A12O3 and Fe2O3 dominated, of which the content of Si O2 accounted for about half. The specific surface area of soil clay particles was 56.8~46.5 m3. G-1, which were mainly mesoporous. The investigation of the composition and structural characteristics of clay particles in soil has a very important role in soil conservation and fertilizer conservation. The soil P H increased, soil texture was coarser, clay content was less, and soil microbial diversity decreased. Therefore, we proposed the following soil remediation recommendations: (1) increase soil organic matter. Organic manure or interplanting green manure can be applied according to local actual conditions. (2) improve soil clay mineral content. Appropriate adding buffer performance is strong. Clay minerals such as montmorillonite and vermiculite help to enrich the composition of soil clay particles and increase the content of clay particles, increase the amount of soil cation exchange and promote the formation of soil organic and inorganic complexes. (3) improving the P H value of soil. Organic modifiers (such as lignite, weathered coal, etc.) and low P H values of low temperature biological carbon have been used to improve the soil P H conditions and improve the effect of soil organic matter.
【學位授予單位】：中國林業(yè)科學研究院
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S714

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