本文選題：螞蟻 + 物種多樣性��； 參考：《河南大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：從古至今黃河下游一直是我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū),但近年來(lái)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生很多問(wèn)題:景觀結(jié)構(gòu)單一、人為干擾過(guò)度、生物多樣性喪失等。螞蟻種類(lèi)繁多、數(shù)目巨大、分布廣泛,作為農(nóng)林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)類(lèi)群,其多樣性對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)具有重要的指示作用。河南省封丘縣是黃河下游典型農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū),具有代表性,因此以封丘地區(qū)為例對(duì)螞蟻多樣性及其與景觀、環(huán)境的關(guān)系進(jìn)行研究,可以為黃河下游平原農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的健康發(fā)展和生物的多樣性的保護(hù)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。本研究采用陷阱法共獲取螞蟻18 516頭,隸屬于5個(gè)亞科,12個(gè)屬,17個(gè)種。切葉蟻亞科(Myrmiciae)種類(lèi)和數(shù)量均最多,其中鋪道蟻屬(Tetramorium)含種數(shù)最多,其次是蟻亞科(Formicinae),所含有的屬中弓背蟻屬(Camponotus)、大頭蟻屬(Pheidolewestwood)、盤(pán)腹蟻屬(Aphaenogaster)均有2種;而猛蟻亞科(Ponerinae)、偽切葉蟻亞科(Pseudomyrmec)和臭蟻亞科(Dolichoderinae)均各為1屬1種,其數(shù)量也是最少的。鋪道蟻(T.Caespitum)和掘穴蟻(F.cunicularia)個(gè)體數(shù)分別約占總個(gè)體數(shù)的40%和15%,為優(yōu)勢(shì)類(lèi)群;黃足厚結(jié)猛蟻(P.luteipes)、針毛收獲蟻(Messor aciculatus)和克氏鋪道蟻(T.kraepelini)個(gè)體數(shù)在5%~10%之間,為亞優(yōu)勢(shì)類(lèi)群;小家蟻(Monomorium pharaonis)、廣西鋪道蟻(T.guangxiensis)、黑細(xì)長(zhǎng)蟻(Tetraponera nigra)、西伯利亞臭蟻(D.sibiricus)等為常見(jiàn)類(lèi)群;其他蟻種均為稀有類(lèi)群。其中優(yōu)勢(shì)類(lèi)群和亞優(yōu)勢(shì)類(lèi)群的種均為廣布種。相同生境不同季節(jié)和相同季節(jié)不同生境中的個(gè)體數(shù)和類(lèi)群數(shù)均存在明顯差異(p0.01)。螞蟻物種豐富度指數(shù)在四種生境中差異顯著(p0.01),農(nóng)田最低,只有5.69,除林地較高(9.76)外,其余都在8.5左右;而均勻度指數(shù)差別不大,均在0.57到0.63之間;多樣性指數(shù)與優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)均具有顯著差異。選取春季林地螞蟻群落及其土壤和植物群落環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù),采用CCA排序分析物種樣環(huán)境兩者之間的關(guān)系發(fā)現(xiàn),環(huán)境因子與物種分布之間相互關(guān)系非常顯著(p0.01),影響封丘螞蟻時(shí)空分布的主要環(huán)境因子最顯著的是植物蓋度、土壤p H值、植物高度、總氮和速效磷。針毛收獲蟻、鋪道蟻、克氏鋪道蟻、寬結(jié)大頭蟻(P.noda)、小家蟻、黑細(xì)長(zhǎng)蟻、史氏盤(pán)腹蟻(A.smythiesii)和亮紅大頭蟻(P.fervida)對(duì)土壤礦質(zhì)較為敏感,偏好礦質(zhì)元素較低的環(huán)境。而廣西鋪道蟻、黃立毛蟻(Paratrechina flavipes)、西伯利亞臭蟻、黃足厚結(jié)猛蟻、雜色弓背蟻(C.monju)、掘穴蟻、高橋盤(pán)腹蟻(A.takahashii)和日本弓背蟻(C.japonicus)能夠更好地適應(yīng)不同環(huán)境。以取樣點(diǎn)為中心,以50m、100m、250m、350m、500m、750m和1000m為半徑畫(huà)不同緩沖區(qū)確定樣地周邊多尺度的景觀特征后,分析螞蟻群落對(duì)景觀結(jié)構(gòu)的異質(zhì)性生態(tài)響應(yīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),在100m范圍左右,景觀能夠更好地解釋螞蟻物種多樣性。因此選擇100m作為螞蟻與景觀異質(zhì)性的研究尺度。在螞蟻?lái)憫?yīng)的特征景觀尺度上選取景觀水平下的6類(lèi)52種林地景觀指數(shù)。經(jīng)過(guò)因子分析,顯示有15種景觀指數(shù)對(duì)調(diào)查區(qū)螞蟻多度及其時(shí)空分布影響顯著,且最顯著的景觀指數(shù)依次是修正的辛普森多樣性指數(shù)(MISDI)、香農(nóng)多樣性指數(shù)(SHDI)、斑塊面積(AREA_CV)、總邊緣對(duì)照指數(shù)(TECI)和臨近度指數(shù)(PROX_MN);研究還顯示,除掘穴蟻、雜色弓背蟻、黃立毛蟻、黃足厚結(jié)猛蟻外,其他螞蟻物種對(duì)景觀變化響應(yīng)都十分明顯,且蟻亞科對(duì)景觀異質(zhì)性的響應(yīng)更為敏感。
[Abstract]:From ancient times to the present, the lower reaches of the Yellow River have been the traditional agricultural areas of our country, but in recent years there are many problems in the development of Agriculture: single landscape structure, excessive human disturbance and loss of biological diversity. There are many kinds, large numbers and wide distribution of ants. The diversity of the ecological system has an important indication of the ecological system. The Fengqiu County of Henan province is a typical agricultural region of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, which is representative. Therefore, the study on the relationship between the diversity of ants and their landscape and environment in Fengqiu area can provide a scientific basis for the healthy development of the agricultural ecosystem in the lower reaches of the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the protection of biodiversity in the lower reaches of the the Yellow River. A total of 18516 ants were obtained, belonging to 5 subfamilies, 12 genera and 17 species. The species and number of Myrmiciae were the most, among which the species of Tetramorium were the most species, followed by the subfamily termite (Formicinae), and the genus Camponotus, Pheidolewestwood and Aphaenogaster. The 2 species: Ponerinae, pseudoracious Ye Yako (Pseudomyrmec) and stinky subfamily (Dolichoderinae) are 1 genera and 1 species, and the number is the least. The number of T.Caespitum and F.cunicularia individuals accounts for 40% and 15% of the total number, respectively. The number of SOR aciculatus) and Kirschner termite (T.kraepelini) is between 5%~10% and subdominant groups; the small family ant (Monomorium pharaonis), the Guangxi pavement ant (T.guangxiensis), the black long termite (Tetraponera nigra), and the Siberia stinky ant (D.sibiricus) are common groups; the other species are rare groups. Among them, the dominant group and subdominant group are the dominant groups and subgroups. The species number and group number in the same habitats in different seasons and the same seasons have obvious differences (P0.01). The diversity of ant species richness index is significant in four habitats (P0.01), and the lowest in farmland is 5.69, except for the higher (9.76) of woodland, and the rest are around 8.5; and the difference of evenness index is not There were significant differences between 0.57 and 0.63, the diversity index and the dominance index were significant differences. The relationship between the environmental data of the forest ant community and its soil and plant community in spring was selected and the relationship between the species sample environment was analyzed by CCA, and the relationship between the environmental factors and the species distribution was very significant (P0.01), which affected the Fengqiu. The main environmental factors of the termite spatial and temporal distribution are plant coverage, soil P H, plant height, total nitrogen and available phosphorus. The hairy termite, paving termite, Kirschner termite, P.noda, small termite, black long termite, A.smythiesii and P.fervida are more sensitive to soil minerals and prefer mineral elements. Guangxi pavement ants, Paratrechina flavipes, Siberia stinks, yellow feet, thick termite, C.monju, cavern ants, A.takahashii and C.japonicus, can better adapt to different environments. Sampling points are centered on 50m, 100m, 250m, 350m, 500m, 750m, and 10. 00m was used to determine the heterogeneous ecological response of the ant community to the landscape structure after drawing different buffers in a radius of different buffers. The analysis of the ecological response of the ant community to the landscape structure showed that the landscape could better explain the diversity of ants in the range of 100m. Therefore, 100m was selected as the research scale of the ant and the landscape heterogeneity. 6 categories of 52 forest landscape indices under the landscape level were selected on the view scale. Through factor analysis, it was shown that there were 15 kinds of landscape indexes which had significant influence on the ant diversity and its spatial and temporal distribution in the investigation area, and the most significant landscape index was the revised Simpson diversity index (MISDI), Shannon diversity index (SHDI), patch area (AREA_CV), and the total edge The relationship between the edge control index (TECI) and the proximity index (PROX_MN), and the study also showed that the response of the other ant species to the landscape changes was very obvious except for the termite, the coloured termite, the erect termite and the thick termite of the yellow foot, and the ant subfamily responded more sensitiently to the landscape heterogeneity.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S186

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