本文選題：農(nóng)業(yè)非點(diǎn)源污染 + 磷的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化��； 參考：《南昌大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：研究表明,海岸、湖泊中磷主要來自農(nóng)業(yè)非點(diǎn)源地表徑流流失。為尋求磷的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)律以及適宜的控制措施,本文選擇鄱陽湖小流域為研究區(qū)域,采用參與性農(nóng)村評估(Participatory Rural Appraisal,PRA)方法調(diào)查,并從"源-流-匯"三方面探討磷的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)律以及相對應(yīng)的控制措施。1.磷"源"的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化過程:由PRA調(diào)查可知示范區(qū)小流域非點(diǎn)源污染主要來源為種植業(yè),其中化肥造成的磷污染濃度最高。施磷和培養(yǎng)時間對稻田土壤無機(jī)磷含量及CaCl2-P、生物可利用磷(Bio-available Phosphorus,BAP)、溶解性活性磷(Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus,DRP)含量影響的實驗結(jié)果都表明,磷肥的施用會大大增加磷向水體遷移轉(zhuǎn)化的機(jī)率。利用分段回歸模型,分別對Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量以及Olsen-P和Pw含量擬合,所得土壤環(huán)境敏感磷臨界點(diǎn)對應(yīng)的土壤Olsen-P含量數(shù)值相差不大。當(dāng)施磷量超過138.16kg/ha時,提高了土壤磷流失風(fēng)險�？刂剖┓柿渴强刂屏�"源"的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化的關(guān)鍵。2.磷"流"的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化過程:植物緩沖帶和田間生態(tài)溝渠是磷"流"遷移轉(zhuǎn)化的重要途徑。植物緩沖帶依靠植物長久并有效攔截以顆粒態(tài)為主的污染物。通過種植不同植物對比,可知百慕大對顆粒態(tài)磷的截留能力大于其他植物。溝渠內(nèi)干濕交替會引起沉積物瞬間產(chǎn)生磷遷移至水體的現(xiàn)象,通過采取減緩流速、延長土壤與水的接觸時間以及預(yù)先排水讓微生物適應(yīng)干濕交替的變化,可以降低磷的總流失量。溝渠內(nèi)沉積物主要由無機(jī)磷組成,且其中主要成分為NaOH-P(Fe/Al-P)。X射線光電子能譜(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)結(jié)合能數(shù)據(jù)顯示,pH值不會造成電子轉(zhuǎn)移,磷以HPO42-形式與OH-競爭吸附。實驗數(shù)據(jù)也表明中性狀態(tài)下磷酸鹽釋放量最小,酸性及堿性狀態(tài)下都會造成沉積物磷的釋放而堿性狀態(tài)沉積物磷釋放量更大;XPS數(shù)據(jù)顯示氧氣的充入引發(fā)了電子轉(zhuǎn)移,Fe2+被氧化為Fe3+,吸磷量增加;XPS數(shù)據(jù)亦顯示照度通過生物過程影響上覆水中溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen,DO)、pH,間接影響沉積物磷的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化。但照度對沉積物磷釋放影響規(guī)律性不強(qiáng),總體來說有光組釋放量大于無光組。合理配置(減緩水流速度,延長接觸時間)、完善生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是控制磷"流"遷移轉(zhuǎn)化的重要途徑。3.磷"匯"的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化過程:濕地、生物塘對磷的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化過程的影響主要體現(xiàn)在匯集、滯留并最終成為一個磷的滯留儲備庫,充分發(fā)揮基質(zhì)、微生物、植物的協(xié)同作用更有利于磷的良性循環(huán)。通過對濕地磷平衡濃度(Equilibrium Phosphorus Concentration,EPC0)實驗得出示范基地濕地的基質(zhì)-水界面的EPC0濃度為0.050mg/L,去污能力較強(qiáng)。由耐負(fù)荷實驗研究可知,新建濕地對磷具有很強(qiáng)的耐負(fù)荷沖擊能力。碳源的加入有助于充分發(fā)揮濕地內(nèi)微生物的除磷作用。由實驗可知,加入碳源比未加碳源,濕地對磷的截留有所增加,其中植物碳源的最終效果優(yōu)于葡萄糖有機(jī)液態(tài)碳源。植物對磷的去除率存在一定的影響,植物生長高度和磷的去除率之間存在線性關(guān)系(R2=0.71)。植物收割后磷的去除率亦有所提高。通過利用"控源—截污—再利用"(Controlling-Intercepting-Recycling,CIR)模式,不僅可以實現(xiàn)氮、磷流失的有效攔截,還可產(chǎn)生良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。此模式包括三方面:一是改變農(nóng)村生活、耕作不良習(xí)慣及方式等從源頭上控制污染物的排放;二是合理配置植物緩沖帶、溝渠濕地等達(dá)到控流的目的;三是利用生物塘、濕地等匯集滯留營養(yǎng)物并通過植物實現(xiàn)磷的良性循環(huán)。經(jīng)過16個月的運(yùn)行測試,系統(tǒng)單位面積削減總量分別為CODcr 755.71kg/m2、SS 135.31kg/m2、TP4.23kg/m2、TN36.38kg/m2,而運(yùn)行成本不到0.10元/噸。整個系統(tǒng)中尤以人工濕地減污效果最好,耐負(fù)荷沖擊能力最強(qiáng)。
[Abstract]:The research shows that the phosphorus in the coastal and lake is mainly from the runoff loss of agricultural non point source surface. In order to seek the migration and transformation of phosphorus and the appropriate control measures, this paper chooses the Poyang Lake small watershed as the research area, investigates the participatory rural assessment (Participatory Rural Appraisal, PRA), and discusses phosphorus from the three aspects of "source flow sink". The migration transformation rule and the corresponding control measures.1. phosphorus "source" migration and transformation process: from the PRA survey, the main source of non point source pollution in the small watershed of the demonstration area is the planting industry, in which the phosphorus pollution caused by the fertilizer is the highest. The phosphorus and culture time on the soil inorganic phosphorus content and the CaCl2-P, the bioavailable phosphorus (Bio-available P) Hosphorus, BAP), the experimental results of the effects of Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus (DRP) content all show that the application of phosphate fertilizer will greatly increase the probability of phosphorus migration and transformation to the water body. By using the piecewise regression model, the content of Olsen-P and CaCl2-P and the content of Olsen-P and Pw are fitted, and the corresponding critical point of soil environmental sensitive phosphorus is obtained. The Olsen-P content of soil varies little. When the amount of phosphorus exceeds 138.16kg/ha, it increases the risk of soil phosphorus loss. The control of fertilization is the transfer and transformation process of the key.2. phosphorus "flow", which controls the migration and transformation of phosphorus "source": plant buffer zone and field ecological ditch are important ways of phosphorus "flow" migration and transformation. Plant buffer zones depend on plant length. For a long time, it effectively intercepts particulate matter. By planting different plants, it can be found that Bermuda's ability to intercept particulate phosphorus is greater than that of other plants. The alternation of dry and wet in the ditch will lead to the transient migration of phosphorus to the water body. By taking slow flow rate, prolonging the contact time between soil and water and pre drainage. The total loss of phosphorus can be reduced by adapting the microorganism to the alternation of dry and wet alternation. The sediment in the ditch is mainly composed of inorganic phosphorus, and the main component is NaOH-P (Fe/Al-P).X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS) binding energy data showing that pH does not cause electron transfer, and phosphorus is competing with OH- in HPO42- form. The experimental data also showed that the release of phosphate in the neutral state was the smallest, and the phosphorus release from the sediments in the acid and alkaline state would cause the release of phosphorus in the alkaline state, while the XPS data showed that the oxygen was filled with the electron transfer, the Fe2+ was oxidized to Fe3+, the amount of phosphorus absorption increased, and the XPS data also showed that the illumination was reflected through biological process. Dissolved Oxygen, DO and pH indirectly affect the migration and transformation of phosphorus in sediment, but the regularity of the impact of illumination on phosphorus release is not strong. In general, the release amount of light group is greater than that of the non light group. The migration and transformation process of.3. phosphorus "sink": wetland, the influence of biological pond on phosphorus migration and transformation is mainly reflected in the accumulation, detained and eventually become a phosphorus retention reserve, giving full play to the substrate, microorganism, plant synergy is more conducive to the benign cycle of phosphorus. Through the equilibrium concentration of phosphorus in wetland (Equilibrium Phosphorus Conce) Ntration, EPC0) experiments show that the EPC0 concentration of the matrix water interface of the demonstration base wetland is 0.050mg/L, and the decontamination ability is strong. It is known from the experimental study of load resistance that the new wetland has a strong load resistance impact ability to phosphorus. The addition of carbon source will help to give full play to the phosphorus removal effect of microorganism in the wetland. With the carbon source, the removal of phosphorus is increased, and the final effect of plant carbon source is better than that of the organic liquid carbon source of glucose. There is a certain effect on the removal rate of phosphorus. There is a linear relationship between plant height and phosphorus removal rate (R2=0.71). The removal rate of phosphorus after harvest is also improved. Pollution and reuse (Controlling-Intercepting-Recycling, CIR) model not only can effectively intercept the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus, but also produce good economic benefits. This model includes three aspects: one is to change rural life, bad farming habits and ways to control the emission of pollutants from the source, and two is the rational allocation of plant buffer zones. The purpose of canal wetland is to achieve the control of the current. Three is to use the biological pond, the wetland to collect the remaining nutrients and realize the benign cycle of phosphorus through the plant. After 16 months' operation test, the total amount of unit area reduction is CODcr 755.71kg/m2, SS 135.31kg/m2, TP4.23kg/m2, TN36.38kg/m2, and the operating cost is less than 0.10 yuan / ton. In particular, the constructed wetland has the best anti pollution effect and the strongest load impact resistance.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南昌大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X71

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