本文選題：聚丙烯酰胺 + 鹽漬化土壤�。� 參考：《內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：近年來土壤鹽漬化問題已經(jīng)成為困擾干旱半干旱地區(qū)作物生長、增產(chǎn)增收及農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要瓶頸,由于鹽漬化土壤本身的物理特性限制了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)向著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的軌道運(yùn)行,因此改善土壤鹽漬化問題已經(jīng)迫在眉睫,應(yīng)該提上日程。而PAM是一種高分子材料,近年來在土壤改良、節(jié)水灌溉、水土保持等方面得到人們的信賴。PAM對非鹽漬化土壤的物理特性、水力特性、節(jié)水保肥、作物增產(chǎn)等方面的作用效果顯著,而針對鹽漬化土壤的施用研究還是鮮見報道。本文通過室內(nèi)模擬試驗和田間試驗相結(jié)合對PAM施用于鹽漬化土壤的物理特性、土壤節(jié)水潛質(zhì)、土壤保肥效果和產(chǎn)量評估等方面進(jìn)行了基礎(chǔ)研究,旨在探索PAM施用于鹽漬化土壤的基本規(guī)律,為PAM在鹽漬化土壤的應(yīng)用開展提供一定的理論支撐。初步研究取得的成果如下：(1)PAM施用對鹽漬化土壤物理特性的影響通過室內(nèi)模擬實驗,對不同施量的PAM應(yīng)用于無鹽土、輕度鹽漬土、中度鹽漬土和重度鹽漬土物理特性的研究：隨著PAM施用濃度的增加,4種土壤的團(tuán)聚體含量增加的幅度均增高；施用PAM能夠減小土壤容重,PAM摻量為1：10000時對容重的改變最大；施用PAM能夠增加土壤的孔隙度,而對于PAM摻量為1：20000時達(dá)到最大；PAM施用可提高4種不同鹽漬化土壤的飽和含水量,且隨著PAM摻量的增多其土壤飽和含水量也逐漸提高的趨勢；PAM施用可提高4種不同類型鹽漬化土壤的田間持水量,且隨著PAM摻量的增加其土壤田間持水量也逐漸提高的趨勢。而對于以上物理特性而言,鹽分的存在確實影響到了PAM在土壤上的吸附效果,適當(dāng)?shù)柠}分能夠促進(jìn)PAM在土壤上的作用效果,若果鹽分含量增加,效果減弱。(2)PAM施用對鹽漬化土壤養(yǎng)分的影響通過分析PAM施用對氮素時空分布的研究可知,未施PAM處理的氮素均不同程度的下滲到土壤根系層以下,而施用PAM處理的氮素均能夠保持在0-40cm的土層內(nèi),且PAM施用層0-20cm的氮素含量相對較多。對于肥料利用率而言,PAM施用于鹽漬化土壤能夠?qū)Φ⒘追实睦寐视兴岣?隨著PAM施量的增加,肥料利用率的數(shù)值相應(yīng)提高,且PAM施量之間的差距對肥料利用率的影響效果顯著。(3)PAM施用對鹽漬化土壤鹽分時空分布的影響通過分析PAM施用對土壤鹽分時空分布的研究可知,土壤中鹽分的移動性能較強(qiáng),受灌溉水量及土壤蒸發(fā)狀況影響明顯，，未施PAM處理的鹽分上下波動較大,尤其0-20cm上層的變化較為顯著；而經(jīng)PAM處理的鹽分受灌溉水的影響較大,灌溉使得鹽分向下層淋溶,當(dāng)土壤含水量降低時,土壤表層的返鹽程度并不是很高,可見施用PAM在一定程度上抑制鹽分向上層的移動效果明顯。(4)PAM施用對鹽漬化土壤及植株生長的影響通過對田間試驗的觀測結(jié)果可知,PAM施用對葵花株高、莖粗及葉面積產(chǎn)生顯著性增加的變化；施用PAM對于根系層0-40cm的土壤含水率均呈現(xiàn)增大的現(xiàn)象,但土層0-20cm的效果更加顯著；PAM施用還能夠達(dá)到提高地溫、抑制土壤蒸發(fā)的效果,試驗還可以發(fā)現(xiàn),PAM及肥料共同作用對改善以上指標(biāo)的效果更加顯著。通過對正交試驗的極差分析及正交多元回歸分析可見：涉及的三因素對產(chǎn)量影響都產(chǎn)生了顯著性的影響,且對產(chǎn)量的影響大小為肥量水量PAM摻量。由極差分析選擇了三因素最優(yōu)的試驗組合為S2F2P4,可見PAM施用可節(jié)水10%,且保肥效果顯著,能夠達(dá)到試驗任務(wù)的要求,以上為定性分析因素和水平的關(guān)系。最終由對試驗結(jié)果通過多元回歸分析定量的給出了關(guān)系式,并且對方程的顯著性分析,得出回歸方程有效。
[Abstract]:In recent years, soil salinization has become an important bottleneck to crop growth, increase production and increase crops and increase agricultural development in arid and semi-arid areas. The physical characteristics of salinized soil itself limit the track operation of agricultural production to economic development. Therefore, it is imminent to improve soil salinization and should be put on the agenda, and PAM It is a kind of polymer material. In recent years, people's trust in soil improvement, water saving irrigation and soil and water conservation has been trusted by.PAM. The effects on the physical characteristics of non salinized soil, hydraulic characteristics, water saving and fertilizer application and crop yield increase are remarkable, but the application research for salinized soil is still rare. The basic research on the physical properties of PAM applied to salinized soil, the soil water saving potential, the soil conservation effect and the yield evaluation were studied by the combination of the experiment and field experiment. The basic rules of the application of PAM in the salinized soil were explored, and some theoretical support for the application of PAM in the salinized soil was provided. The following results were as follows: (1) the effects of PAM on the physical properties of salinized soil were studied by indoor simulation experiments. The application of different amounts of PAM to the physical properties of salt free soil, mild saline soil, moderate saline soil and severe saline soil: with the increase of PAM concentration, the increase of aggregate content increased in the 4 soils; PAM can reduce the bulk density of soil, and when the dosage of PAM is 1:10000, the bulk density is the largest, and the application of PAM can increase the porosity of the soil, but the maximum of the PAM content is 1:20000. The application of PAM can increase the saturated water content of 4 different salinized soils, and the saturated water content of the soil increases with the increase of the amount of PAM. Trend; PAM application can increase the field water holding capacity of 4 different types of salinized soil, and with the increase of PAM content, the soil field water holding capacity is also increasing gradually. For the above physical properties, the presence of salt does affect the adsorption effect of PAM on the soil, and the appropriate salinity can promote the PAM in the soil. Effect, the effect of salt content increased, the effect was weakened. (2) the effect of PAM application on soil nutrients in salinized soil was analyzed by the analysis of nitrogen and temporal distribution of PAM application, it was found that the nitrogen treated by untreated PAM were under the root layer of soil under different degrees, and the nitrogen applied by PAM treatment could be kept in the soil layer of 0-40cm, and PAM was applied. The nitrogen content of the layer 0-20cm is relatively high. For the fertilizer utilization ratio, the utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer can be improved by the application of PAM to salinized soil. With the increase of PAM application, the value of fertilizer utilization ratio is increased correspondingly, and the effect of the gap between PAM application rates on the fertilizer utilization ratio is significant. (3) PAM application to salinized soil The effect of the spatial and temporal distribution of salt on the spatial and temporal distribution of soil salt shows that the mobility of salt in the soil is stronger, and the effect of the irrigation water and the soil evaporation is obvious. The salinity of the salt not treated by the PAM is larger and lower, especially in the upper layer of the 0-20cm, while the salt treated by the PAM is irrigated by the irrigation water. The effect of irrigation makes the salt leaching to the lower layer. When the soil water content is reduced, the degree of salt return in the soil surface is not very high. It can be seen that the application of PAM to some extent inhibits the movement of salt to the upper layer. (4) the effect of PAM Application on salinized soil and plant growth can be seen by the observation of field experiments, PAM The application of PAM has a significant increase in the height of sunflower plants, the stem diameter and the leaf area, and the soil water content of the root layer 0-40cm increases with the application of PAM, but the effect of the soil layer is more significant; the application of PAM can also improve the ground temperature and inhibit the effect of soil evaporation. The experiment can also find that PAM and fertilizer have a common effect on the soil layer. The effect of the above indicators is more significant. Through the extreme analysis and orthogonal multivariate regression analysis of the orthogonal test, it is found that the three factors involved have a significant effect on the effect of the yield, and the effect on the yield is the amount of PAM. The optimum combination of three factors is selected by the extreme difference analysis to be S2F2P4, and P is visible. The application of AM can save water by 10%, and the effect of fertilizer conservation is remarkable. It can meet the requirements of the test task. The above is the relationship between the qualitative analysis factors and the level. Finally, the relation formula is given by the multivariate regression analysis of the test results, and the significance of the equation is analyzed, and the regression equation is effective.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S156.41

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