本文選題：莖稈 + 葉鞘�。� 參考：《揚州大學》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著我國糧食產(chǎn)量不斷提高,各種作物秸稈產(chǎn)量相應(yīng)增加,目前秸稈年產(chǎn)量己突破7億t,其中稻麥秸稈增加量尤其突出。加之全社會環(huán)保意識的不斷加強,秸稈露天焚燒現(xiàn)象目前已得到有效的控制,秸稈直接還田正日益普及。大量秸稈直接還田,勢必影響農(nóng)田土壤理化及生物學過程,進而影響下茬作物幼苗的生長。因此,探究秸稈在土壤中的腐解過程對于闡明秸稈還田對土壤肥力與作物生長的影響機制以及秸稈還田配套措施的制訂具有重要意義。水稻與小麥等禾谷類作物的秸稈通常有葉鞘包裹,莖稈與葉鞘在組成與性質(zhì)上存在較大差異,而目前關(guān)于水稻和小麥秸稈的莖稈與葉鞘在土壤中腐解進程差異的研究報道尚不多見。本研究以水稻和小麥秸稈為材料,將秸稈分為莖稈及葉鞘兩部分,通過測定淹水培養(yǎng)過程中莖稈和葉鞘的質(zhì)量虧損和秸稈材料中可溶性糖、半纖維素、纖維素、木質(zhì)素的含量變化以及土壤溶液中的溶解性有機碳(DOC)含量、NH4’濃度、pH的動態(tài),分析水稻、小麥秸稈的莖稈和葉鞘在腐解進程上的差異及其與施氮的關(guān)系。主要研究結(jié)果如下：(1)水稻、小麥秸稈中莖稈和葉鞘占秸稈總重的比例存在差異,水稻秸稈中莖稈和葉鞘分別占秸稈總重的37%和63%,而小麥秸稈中兩者分別占56%和44%。水稻秸稈莖稈的C/N顯著低于葉鞘,而小麥秸稈正相反。無論是水稻秸稈還是小麥秸稈,莖稈的纖維素含量顯著高于葉鞘,而半纖維素及木質(zhì)素含量顯著低于葉鞘,莖稈與葉鞘在可溶性糖含量上無明顯差異。(2)稻麥秸稈中莖稈和葉鞘的腐解均表現(xiàn)為前期快后期慢的特點,其中小麥葉鞘前期腐解速率最大,小麥莖稈最慢。隨著腐解進程的推進,四者的腐解速率不斷下降,且小麥葉鞘腐解速率下降幅度最大。至培養(yǎng)結(jié)束(60d),累積腐解率為小麥葉鞘水稻葉鞘水稻莖稈小麥莖稈。在完成相同的腐解進度時,小麥葉鞘所需時間最短,而小麥莖稈所需時間最長。說明小麥秸稈在淹水腐解的初期由于葉鞘的快速腐解表現(xiàn)出整體腐解速度較較高,但因其莖稈腐解較緩慢,很快進入腐解緩慢期；故小麥秸桿快速腐解時期集中在初期,總體腐解困難,腐解周期長。而水稻秸稈的莖稈和葉鞘腐解速率相當,具有一個較長時間的快速腐解階段。實驗中施氮對于水稻莖稈和葉鞘的腐解有飛定的抑制作用,表現(xiàn)在降低了水稻莖稈和葉鞘的累積腐解率；對于小麥莖稈和葉鞘的腐解則有一定的促進作用,表現(xiàn)在施氮提高了小麥莖稈和葉鞘的累積腐解率；此外,施氮均提高了稻麥莖稈和葉鞘的初始腐解速率。(3)經(jīng)60d腐解,水稻秸稈莖稈和葉鞘可溶性糖的累積腐解率分別為80.3%和76.1%,而小麥秸稈分別為64.2%和72.4%；四種秸稈材料中,小麥秸稈葉鞘中可溶性糖腐解速率最快,而小麥莖稈可溶性糖腐解最慢。與水稻秸稈相比,小麥莖稈中半纖維素與木質(zhì)素較難腐解,60d累積腐解率僅分別為38.5%和28.4%；而小麥葉鞘中半纖維素與木質(zhì)素的起始腐解速度較快,但隨腐解時間的延長下降幅度較大。秸稈材料中纖維素腐解特征與半纖維素和木質(zhì)素明顯不同,水稻葉鞘纖維素的起始腐解速率最快,但下降幅度也最大；小麥莖稈纖維素起始腐解速率最慢,但衰減幅度很小。從完成相同腐解進度所需的時間來看,水稻秸稈纖維素腐解主要在前期進行,而小麥纖維素的腐解持續(xù)時間較長。施氮抑制了水稻莖稈和葉鞘的半纖維素,水稻莖稈、小麥莖稈和小麥葉鞘中纖維素以及水稻莖稈、水稻葉鞘和小麥莖稈木質(zhì)素的腐解,而對于小麥莖稈和葉鞘半纖維素、水稻葉鞘的纖維素及小麥葉鞘的木質(zhì)素腐解有一定的促進作用。(4)供試秸稈材料的腐解提高了土壤中DOC的水平,所有處理中DOC濃度呈先上升后下降的趨勢,水稻莖稈處理的DOC峰值最高,小麥莖稈的DOC峰值最低。土壤溶液pH在6.4-8.4之間波動,到培養(yǎng)期結(jié)束時,不同秸稈處理土壤溶液pH的高低次序為：水稻莖稈與水稻葉鞘小麥莖稈與小麥葉鞘。水稻莖稈和小麥葉鞘處理前15d土壤溶液NH4+濃度較高,隨后趨于平穩(wěn),而小麥莖稈處理土壤溶液中NH4’濃度緩慢上升,但其濃度遠低于其他三種秸稈材料處理。施氮降低了水稻莖稈和小麥葉鞘處理的腐解前期DOC峰值,但提高了土壤溶液中NH4+的濃度。
[Abstract]:With the continuous improvement of grain production in China, the yield of various crop straws has been increased correspondingly. The annual yield of straw has exceeded 700 million T, especially the increase of rice and wheat straw is especially prominent. In addition, the consciousness of environmental protection in the whole society has been strengthened. The phenomenon of straw burning has been effectively controlled and the straw returning to the field is becoming more and more popular. After returning to the field, it is bound to affect the physical and biological processes of farmland soil and biological processes, and then affect the growth of the seedlings of the next crop. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the decomposition process of straw in soil for clarifying the effect mechanism of straw returning to soil fertility and crop growth and the formulation of straw returning supporting measures. The crop straw is usually covered with leaf sheath, and there is a great difference in the composition and nature of the stem and leaf sheath. At present, there are few reports on the difference between the stalk and the leaf sheath of the rice and wheat straw in the soil. In this study, rice and wheat straw were used as materials to divide the straw into two parts of stem and leaf sheath. The mass loss of stem and leaf sheath during the submerged culture and the changes in the content of soluble sugar, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in straw materials and the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil solution, NH4 'concentration, and the dynamics of pH, analysis of the difference between the stalk and the leaf sheath of rice, wheat straw and leaf sheath in the process of decomposition and its application to nitrogen application. The main results are as follows: (1) the proportion of straw and leaf sheath in rice straw accounts for the total weight of straw. The stem and leaf sheath of rice straw accounted for 37% and 63% of total straw weight respectively, while 56% of the wheat straw and 44%. rice straw stalk were significantly lower than that of the leaf sheath, but the wheat straw was opposite. Straw or wheat straw, cellulose content of stem was significantly higher than leaf sheath, but hemicellulose and lignin content was significantly lower than the leaf sheath, and there was no significant difference in soluble sugar content between stem and leaf sheath. (2) the decomposition of stem and leaf sheath in rice and wheat straw were characterized by the slow early stage in the early stage, and the maximum decaying rate of wheat leaf sheath in the early stage was the largest. The stalk of wheat was the slowest. With the advancement of the decay process, the decay rate of the four was decreasing, and the Ye Qiaofu solution rate decreased greatly. To the end of culture (60d), the cumulative decay rate was the stalk of rice stem of rice leaf sheath of wheat leaf sheath. It takes time for the longest time. It shows that the rapid decomposition rate of the leaf sheath in the early period of the leaf sheath of wheat straw shows a higher overall decay rate, but it quickly enters the slow decay period because of the slow decay of its stem. Therefore, the rapid decomposition period of wheat straw is concentrated in the early stage, and the overall decomposition is difficult and the decay period is long. The rate of scabbard decomposition was similar, with a long period of rapid decomposition. The inhibition effect of Nitrogen Application on the decomposition of rice stem and leaf sheath in the experiment was shown to decrease the cumulative decay rate of rice stem and leaf sheath, and to promote the decomposition of wheat stem and leaf sheath. In addition, nitrogen application increased the initial decomposition rate of the stem and leaf sheath of rice and wheat. (3) the cumulative decomposition rate of soluble sugar in rice straw stalk and leaf sheath was 80.3% and 76.1% by 60d decomposition, while wheat straw was 64.2% and 72.4%, respectively. In the four straw material, the soluble sugar rot in the leaf sheath of wheat straw was soluble. The solution rate was the fastest, but the soluble sugar decomposition of wheat stalk was the slowest. Compared with the rice straw, the hemicellulose and lignin in the wheat stalk were more difficult to decompose, and the cumulative decomposition rate of 60d was only 38.5% and 28.4%, while the initial decomposition rate of hemicellulose and lignin in the leaf sheath of wheat was faster, but it decreased with the prolongation of the decomposition time. The decomposition of cellulose in the material is different from the hemicellulose and lignin, and the initial decay rate of the cellulose in the leaf sheath of rice is the fastest, but the decrease is the most, but the decay rate is the slowest, but the attenuation is very small. The decomposition of cellulose in wheat lasted for a long time. Nitrogen application inhibited the hemicellulose of rice stem and leaf sheath, cellulose and rice stem, leaf sheath and wheat stalk lignin in rice stem, wheat stem and wheat leaf sheath, and cellulose of wheat stem and leaf sheath hemicellulose, and the cellulose of rice leaf sheath. The lignin decomposition of the leaf sheath of wheat had a certain promotion effect. (4) the decomposition of the straw material increased the level of DOC in the soil, and the concentration of DOC increased first and then decreased in all treatments, the peak of DOC in the rice stem treatment was the highest, and the peak of DOC in the wheat stem was the lowest. The soil solution pH was fluctuated between 6.4-8.4 and at the end of the culture period. The order of soil solution pH in different straw treatments is: rice stem and rice leaf sheath wheat stem and wheat leaf sheath. The concentration of NH4+ in 15d soil solution before the treatment of rice stem and wheat leaf sheath is higher, then tends to be stable, but the concentration of NH4 'in the soil solution of Wheat stem is slowly rising, but its concentration is far lower than the other three kinds of straw wood. Nitrogen treatment reduced the peak DOC value of rice stem and wheat leaf sheath during the early stage of decomposition, but increased the concentration of NH4+ in soil solution.
【學位授予單位】：揚州大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S141.4

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