本文選題：艾比湖地區(qū) + 土壤鹽漬化�。� 參考：《新疆大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：土壤鹽漬化及次生鹽漬化嚴(yán)重制約著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展,威脅生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定,是世界各國所面臨的主要生態(tài)環(huán)境問題之一。艾比湖流域處于極端干旱的荒漠地帶,氣候干燥,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)極為脆弱。近年來,由于水資源及土地資源不合理利用致使湖水減少,湖面萎縮,水鹽運(yùn)移發(fā)生變化。艾比湖地區(qū)地下水位不斷升高,裸露干涸湖底鹽漠化,鹽塵暴活動(dòng)頻繁,對(duì)該地區(qū)乃至北疆造成了嚴(yán)重的影響。土壤鹽漬化問題已成為艾比湖地區(qū)重要的生態(tài)環(huán)境問題之一,鹽漬化監(jiān)測治理刻不容緩。因此準(zhǔn)確、科學(xué)、迅速獲取鹽漬化變化的程度、空間分布特征、水鹽運(yùn)移規(guī)律等信息,給定量化監(jiān)測和預(yù)報(bào)區(qū)域鹽漬化的動(dòng)態(tài)變化提供重要依據(jù),對(duì)艾比湖地區(qū)土壤鹽漬化的治理利用、統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃具有重要意義。本文以實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),利用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)和地統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,分析當(dāng)前艾比湖地區(qū)土壤鹽漬化特征和空間分布;以遙感影像為數(shù)據(jù)源,結(jié)合實(shí)測電導(dǎo)率數(shù)據(jù),研究不同指數(shù)對(duì)土壤鹽度的敏感性;選取對(duì)土壤鹽度最敏感的指數(shù),構(gòu)建艾比湖地區(qū)土壤鹽漬化生態(tài)環(huán)境指數(shù),對(duì)土壤鹽漬化影響區(qū)域的生態(tài)環(huán)境進(jìn)行快速、定量、客觀的監(jiān)測,以期為艾比湖地區(qū)土壤鹽漬化治理提供一個(gè)新的思路。研究結(jié)論如下:(1)利用描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)方法對(duì)土壤樣品的理化性質(zhì)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,得到艾比湖地區(qū)土壤鹽分有明顯的表聚現(xiàn)象,表層(0-10 cm)土壤含鹽量最高,電導(dǎo)率值最大,土壤鹽分離子含量按陽離子由高到低為Na~+Ca~(2+)K~+Mg~（2+）,按照陰離子SO_4~(2-)Cl-HCO_3~-。表層土壤鹽分的組成類型按陰離子分類主要以硫酸鹽、氯化物鹽為主,按陽離子分類主要以鈉鹽、鈣鎂鹽為主。各土層pH的平均值在8.16-8.49之間土壤偏堿性。土壤剖面主要分為三種類型:表聚型土壤鹽分剖面、中聚型土壤鹽分剖面和底聚型土壤鹽分剖面。通過冗余分析及相關(guān)分析得出,土壤電導(dǎo)率和土壤含鹽量極顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系,表層土壤含鹽量和七個(gè)鹽分離子都通過了顯著性檢驗(yàn)。pH相比于其他鹽分離子與HCO_3~-、Na~+相關(guān)性更強(qiáng)。(2)利用半方差函數(shù)進(jìn)行分析,得出pH、EC、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Na~+和Mg~(2+)的塊金值和基臺(tái)值之比小于0.25,具有非常強(qiáng)的空間相關(guān)性。K~+、Ca~(2+)的塊金值和基臺(tái)值分別為0.342、0.478,受隨機(jī)因素和結(jié)構(gòu)性因素影響,屬于中等空間相關(guān)性。Cl-是弱空間變異強(qiáng)度。pH、SO_4~(2-)、Na~+和Ca~(2+)擬合最好的理論模型是指數(shù)模型(Exponential),EC、HCO_3~-、K~+、Mg~(2+)最優(yōu)擬合理論模型是球狀模型(Spherical),CI-最優(yōu)擬合模型是線性模型(Linear)。從克里金插值圖中可以看出艾比湖地區(qū)表層土壤含鹽量與EC的分布規(guī)律大體相同,在湖區(qū)的東北、西南方向含鹽量較高。pH屬于弱空間變異,分布較均勻。各離子含量的分布規(guī)律總體上呈現(xiàn)出由湖濱向外圍遞減。(3)基于Landsat8 OLI影像提取了5種鹽分指數(shù)、4種植被指數(shù)、地表反照率以及濕度指數(shù),結(jié)合實(shí)測土壤電導(dǎo)率數(shù)據(jù),利用曲線估計(jì)的方法,分析了不同指數(shù)對(duì)土壤鹽度的響應(yīng)程度。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),5種指數(shù)與土壤電導(dǎo)率通過了顯著性檢驗(yàn),對(duì)鹽漬化程度敏感性程度高。其中鹽分指數(shù)中基于Cubic模型的SI3指數(shù)表現(xiàn)最好,R2=0.713,EVI指數(shù)相比于其他植被指數(shù)在艾比湖地區(qū)對(duì)土壤鹽漬化響應(yīng)最敏感,R2=0.784。地表反照率中表現(xiàn)最好的模型是Cubic模型,R2=0.665,相關(guān)性最好。基于WI指數(shù)的Cubic模型擬合效果相對(duì)較好,R2=0.735。(4)利用主成分分析,耦合植被指數(shù)、鹽分指數(shù)、土壤濕度和地表反照率,構(gòu)建SSEI指數(shù)。結(jié)果表明:土壤含鹽量與土壤鹽漬化生態(tài)指數(shù)SSEI表現(xiàn)出負(fù)相關(guān)性,R2=0.7512,這表明SSEI指數(shù)可以用于該區(qū)域由土壤鹽漬化主導(dǎo)引起的生態(tài)環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)。四期遙感影像第一主成分的貢獻(xiàn)率分別為75.61%、75.22%、78.82%、82.20%,均在75%以上,鹽分指數(shù)與植被指標(biāo)對(duì)主成分PC1的貢獻(xiàn)量最大,植被指數(shù)呈正值,鹽度指數(shù)呈負(fù)值,說明植被與鹽度指標(biāo)對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響相反,這與一般生態(tài)意義上的結(jié)果相一致。(5)將SSEI指數(shù)分成差、較差、中等、良、優(yōu)5個(gè)等級(jí)。統(tǒng)計(jì)得出1990-2015年,生態(tài)級(jí)別為優(yōu)、良等級(jí)所占的面積下降了8.78%,鹽漬化生態(tài)指數(shù)為差-中級(jí)所占的面積升高了8.78%,說明艾比湖地區(qū)鹽漬化區(qū)域整體生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量在下降。從檢測圖中可以看出綠洲區(qū)域的生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量上得到顯著的改善,非人類影響的荒漠地區(qū),生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量較差,土壤鹽漬化引起的生態(tài)問題仍然十分嚴(yán)峻。
[Abstract]:Soil salinization and secondary salinization seriously restrict the continuous development of social economy and threaten the stability of the ecosystem. It is one of the main ecological environment problems facing all the countries of the world. The Ebinur Lake Basin is in the extreme arid desert area, the climate is dry and the ecosystem is extremely fragile. In recent years, because of the unreasonable water resources and land resources, the water resources and the land resources are not reasonable. With the reduction of lake water, the lake surface atrophy and the change of water and salt movement. The water level of the lake area is increasing, the salt desertification of the bare bottom of the lake and the frequent salt dust storm have caused serious influence on the area and the northern Xinjiang. The soil salinization has become one of the important ecological environmental problems in the Ebinur Lake area, and the salinization is monitored and treated. Therefore, it is of great importance to accurately, scientifically and quickly obtain the degree of changes in salinization, spatial distribution characteristics, and water and salt migration rules, which provide important basis for quantitative monitoring and prediction of dynamic changes in regional salinization. It is of great significance to the control and utilization of soil salinization in the Ebinur Lake area and the overall planning of the soil salinization. On the basis of statistics and Geostatistics Analysis, the characteristics and spatial distribution of soil salinization in the current Ebinur Lake area are analyzed. The sensitivity of different indices to soil salinity is studied with remote sensing image as the data source and measured electrical conductivity data, and the most sensitive index of soil salinity is selected to construct the ecological ring of soil salinization in Ebinur Lake area. The boundary index, which provides a new idea for the treatment of soil salinization in the Ebinur Lake area, provides a new idea for the soil salinization control in the area of Ebinur Lake. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the physical and chemical properties of soil samples are statistically analyzed by the descriptive statistics method, and the soil salinity of the Ebinur Lake area is clear. The surface (0-10 cm) soil has the highest salt content and the highest electrical conductivity. The content of soil salt ions is Na~+Ca~ (2+) K~+Mg~ (2+) from high to low. According to the composition type of the surface soil salt of the anion SO_4~ (2-) Cl-HCO_3~-., the main contents of the anion are sulfate and chloride salt, mainly by cation classification. The average value of pH in each soil layer is alkaline between 8.16-8.49 and soil. The soil profile is mainly divided into three types: the surface soil salt section, the medium type soil salt section and the bottom soil salt section. By the redundancy analysis and the correlation analysis, the soil soil conductivity and the soil salt content are very significant positive correlation. The relationship, the salt content of the surface soil and the seven salt ions have passed the significance test. Compared with other salt ions,.PH has a stronger correlation with HCO_3~- and Na~+. (2) the semi variance function is used to analyze pH, EC, HCO_3~-, SO_4~ (2-), Na~+ and Mg~ (2+), and the ratio of the base value is less than 0.25, and has a very strong spatial correlation.K~+. The value and base value of ~ (2+) are 0.342,0.478 respectively, which are influenced by random factors and structural factors, and the middle spatial correlation.Cl- is the weak spatial variation intensity.PH, SO_4~ (2-), Na~+ and Ca~ (2+) fitting the best theoretical model is the exponential model (Exponential), EC, HCO_3~-, which is a spherical model. L), the optimal fitting model of CI- is linear model (Linear). From Kriging interpolation, it can be seen that the distribution of salt content in the surface soil of Ebinur Lake area is the same as that of EC. In the northeast of the lake area, the salt content of the southwest of the lake area is relatively high,.PH belongs to the weak spatial variation and the distribution is more uniform. The distribution of each ion content is generally presented by the lakeside. (3) 5 kinds of salt index, 4 planting index, surface albedo and humidity index were extracted based on Landsat8 OLI image. According to the measured soil conductivity data, the response degree of different index to soil salinity was analyzed by the method of curve estimation. The study found that the 5 indices and soil conductivity passed the significant test. The degree of sensitivity to salinization degree is high. The SI3 index based on Cubic model in salt index is the best, R2=0.713, EVI index is the most sensitive to soil salinization in Ebinur Lake area compared with other vegetation index, and the best model of R2=0.784. surface albedo is Cubic model, R2=0.665, and the best correlation is based on WI. The fitting effect of Cubic model is relatively good. R2=0.735. (4) uses principal component analysis, coupling vegetation index, salt index, soil moisture and surface albedo, and constructs SSEI index. The results show that soil salt content and soil salinization ecological index SSEI show negative correlation, R2=0.7512, which indicates that SSEI index can be used in this region by soil. The contribution rate of the first principal component of the four phase remote sensing image is 75.61%, 75.22%, 78.82% and 82.20%, respectively, which are above 75%. The contribution of the salt index and the vegetation index to the principal component PC1 is the largest, the vegetation index is positive, and the salinity index is negative, indicating the effect of vegetation and salinity on the ecological environment. On the contrary, it is consistent with the general ecological results. (5) the SSEI index is divided into poor, poor, medium, good, and excellent 5 grades. The statistics show that 1990-2015 years, the ecological grade is excellent, the area of good grade is 8.78%, the salinization index is 8.78%, which indicates that the salinization area of the Ebinur region is whole. The quality of the ecological environment is declining. It can be seen from the test map that the ecological environment quality of the oasis area has been greatly improved, the non human affected desert areas, the ecological environment quality is poor, the ecological problems caused by soil salinization are still very severe.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：新疆大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S156.41;S127

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