本文選題：農(nóng)村宅基地復(fù)墾 + 種植模式��； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：近年來,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速迅猛發(fā)展以及城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的加快,人地矛盾日益突出,建設(shè)用地的需求每年都在加大。而堅(jiān)守18億畝的耕地保護(hù)紅線是我國的基本目標(biāo),如何協(xié)調(diào)和保障因經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)用地的需求,是擺在我們土地科學(xué)工作者面前一到難題。與之相對應(yīng)的是隨著農(nóng)村農(nóng)民的收入不斷提高,不少農(nóng)民從農(nóng)村遷至城市,使得很多農(nóng)村宅基地閑置,造成土地資源的浪費(fèi)。根據(jù)國土資源部出臺的“城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)用地增減掛鉤”等政策,農(nóng)村宅基地復(fù)墾可作為解決用地緊張矛盾的重要途徑。而重慶積極響應(yīng)國家政策,近幾年宅基地復(fù)墾面積較大,2008年至2013年重慶市入庫備案農(nóng)村建設(shè)用地復(fù)墾項(xiàng)目6314個,復(fù)墾建設(shè)用地24740公頃,取得了一定的成績,但也隨之出現(xiàn)了一系列問題,如只重視新增耕地指標(biāo),對復(fù)墾后耕地不進(jìn)行管理保護(hù)等問題,導(dǎo)致了復(fù)墾后耕地質(zhì)量差、利用效益低下,出現(xiàn)了再次撂荒。而目前國內(nèi)外對農(nóng)村宅基地復(fù)墾的研究主要集中在農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)復(fù)墾潛力評價、復(fù)墾效益分析、復(fù)墾現(xiàn)狀、問題及對策分析、復(fù)墾后土壤質(zhì)量情況以及宅基地復(fù)墾規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)等方面,對復(fù)墾后耕地利用方面的研究較少。因此研究宅基地復(fù)墾后耕地利用模式,對增加作物產(chǎn)量,提高復(fù)墾后耕地利用效益,實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)民增產(chǎn)增收,增強(qiáng)宅基地復(fù)墾后耕地管護(hù)利用均具有一定的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。本研究在調(diào)查重慶市宅基地復(fù)墾耕地利用現(xiàn)狀的基礎(chǔ)上,分析比較各個利用模式的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和光能利用率,并從中選擇出六種表現(xiàn)較好的種植模式(即CP1兒菜-四季豆、CP2油菜/玉米、CP3胡豆-玉米、CP4馬鈴薯/西瓜、CP5馬鈴薯/玉米、CP6萵筍-玉米)在銅梁縣水口鎮(zhèn)進(jìn)行田間定位試驗(yàn),研究了六種種植模式對土壤質(zhì)量、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和生態(tài)效益的影響,并運(yùn)用灰色關(guān)聯(lián)度分析法綜合評估六種種植模式的優(yōu)劣程度。研究得出以下主要結(jié)論：1.重慶市農(nóng)村宅基地復(fù)墾耕地利用現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查調(diào)查重慶三峽庫區(qū)、武隆山區(qū)和渝西地區(qū)農(nóng)村宅基地復(fù)墾后耕地利用模式發(fā)現(xiàn),各區(qū)域復(fù)墾耕地利用模式中純收益最高的為渝西地區(qū)的蔬菜-蔬菜模式,純收益為101850元/公頃；純收益最低的為三峽庫區(qū)萬州區(qū)的青蒿模式,純收益僅為10500元/公頃；光能利用率最高的為三峽庫區(qū)的玉米/紅薯模式,該模式光能利用率為1.04%,最低的為武隆山區(qū)的烤煙模式,該模式光能利用率僅有0.1%。2.復(fù)墾耕地不同利用模式對土壤質(zhì)量的影響(1)復(fù)墾耕地不同利用模式對土壤物理指標(biāo)的影響比較六種種植模式對土壤物理性質(zhì)的影響,得出試驗(yàn)結(jié)束后各種植模式土壤容重與試驗(yàn)前相比都有所降低,各模式間差異達(dá)到顯著性,其中CP3(胡豆-玉米)的容重最小,CP4(馬鈴薯/西瓜)的容重最大。土壤含水率和土壤孔隙度與試驗(yàn)前相比,都有所增加,但各模式間差異并未達(dá)到顯著性水平。試驗(yàn)結(jié)束后各種植模式土壤礫石含量均下降,且差異達(dá)到顯著性,礫石含量最小的模式為CP3(胡豆-玉米)。各種植模式對土壤團(tuán)聚體的影響在5mm和2-5mm粒徑間呈顯著性差異,并且試驗(yàn)后土壤總團(tuán)聚體百分比和平均重量直徑均增加,CP3(胡豆-玉米)的兩者均為最大,說明六種種植模式均能改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu)和增加團(tuán)聚體穩(wěn)定性,但是CP3(胡豆-玉米)的效果最好。(2)復(fù)墾耕地不同利用模式對土壤化學(xué)指標(biāo)的影響試驗(yàn)結(jié)束后六種種植模式除對土壤pH值、全氮和全鉀影響不顯著外,對其他化學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響均達(dá)顯著水平。土壤pH值各種植模式較試驗(yàn)前均下降,最高的模式為CP3(胡豆-玉米),最小的為CP4(馬鈴薯/西瓜)。試驗(yàn)后CPl(兒菜-四季豆)、CP2(油菜/玉米)、CP3(胡豆-玉米)和CP5(馬鈴薯/玉米)的土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量增加,其他兩種模式則下降,含量最高的為CP2(油菜/玉米),最少的為CP4(馬鈴薯/西瓜)。土壤全量養(yǎng)分中,試驗(yàn)后全氮含量除CP4(馬鈴薯/西瓜)和CP6(萵筍-玉米)減少外,其余四種種植模式的土壤全氮含量均增加,CP3(胡豆-玉米)含量最高,CP4(馬鈴薯/西瓜)含量最低；全磷含量與試驗(yàn)前比均下降,全鉀含量均增加,含量最高的均為CP2(油菜/玉米)。土壤速效養(yǎng)分中,堿解氮含量均比試驗(yàn)前增加,CP3(胡豆-玉米)含量最高；有效磷含量除CP2(油菜/玉米)增加外,其余模式均下降,CP4(馬鈴薯/西瓜)含量最低；速效鉀含量除CP4(馬鈴薯/西瓜)下降外,其余模式均增加,CP3(胡豆-玉米)含量最高。綜合比較各種植模式對土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響可得出,CP4(馬鈴薯/西瓜)提升土壤養(yǎng)分效果最差,CP2(油菜/玉米)和CP3(胡豆-玉米)提升土壤養(yǎng)分效果較好。3.復(fù)墾耕地不同利用模式下的效益分析六種種植模式中CP1(兒菜-四季豆)的經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量最高為31838.10 kg/公頃,CP3(胡豆-玉米)的經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量最低,僅有7401.60 kg/公頃。生物產(chǎn)量最高的為CP6(萵筍-玉米)的30498.58 kg/公頃,最低的為CP4(馬鈴薯/西瓜)的14810.74 kg/公頃。幾種模式中CP1(兒菜-四季豆)的總收益、成本、純收益和產(chǎn)投比均為最高,其純收益為64778.92元/公頃,CP2(油菜/玉米)的總收益、純收益和產(chǎn)投比均為最低,其純收益為5779.53元/公頃,僅為前者的8.92%,成本最低的則為CP3(胡豆-玉米)。各模式中CP5(馬鈴薯/玉米)的光能利用率最大,達(dá)到1.57%,CP4(馬鈴薯/西瓜)的光能利用率最低,僅為0.13%。CP5(馬鈴薯/玉米)的產(chǎn)出能和凈產(chǎn)能均為最高,其凈產(chǎn)能為316189.75 MJ/公頃,投入能最多的為CP2(油菜/玉米),產(chǎn)投比最大的為CP6(萵筍-玉米),而所有能量指標(biāo)CP1(兒菜-四季豆)均為最小,其凈產(chǎn)能為9611.48 MJ/公頃,僅為前者的3.04%。4.復(fù)墾耕地不同利用模式綜合評價本研究運(yùn)用灰色關(guān)聯(lián)度分析法,從土壤理化性質(zhì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和生態(tài)效益三個方面共選擇十個指標(biāo)來對試驗(yàn)中的六種種植模式進(jìn)行綜合評價,得出等權(quán)重賦值和按各指標(biāo)的重要性進(jìn)行權(quán)重賦值時,CP5(馬鈴薯/玉米)的關(guān)聯(lián)度均最大,為最優(yōu)模式,可以在宅基地復(fù)墾耕地的種植中進(jìn)行適當(dāng)推廣；而CP4(馬鈴薯/西瓜)的關(guān)聯(lián)度均最小,為最劣模式。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the rapid and rapid development of economy and the accelerated process of urbanization, the contradiction between people and land is becoming more and more prominent, the demand for construction land is increasing every year. And adhering to the red line of 1 billion 800 million mu of cultivated land protection is the basic goal of our country. How to coordinate and guarantee the demand of economic development and infrastructure construction land is placed in our land department. It is a difficult problem in front of the scholars. With the increasing income of rural farmers, many farmers moved from the countryside to the city, which made many rural homestead idle and caused the waste of land resources. According to the policy of "increasing and reducing the land of urban and rural construction land" issued by the Ministry of land and resources, the reclamation of rural residential land can be used as a solution. In recent years, Chongqing has actively responded to the national policy, and the reclaimed area of the homestead has been reclaimed in recent years. In 2008 to 2013, there were 6314 reclaimed projects for rural construction land reclamation in Chongqing and 24740 hectares of land for reclamation and construction, and some problems had been achieved, but a series of problems appeared, for example, only new ploughing was paid. The problems of land index and no management protection for cultivated land after reclamation have led to the poor quality of cultivated land and low utilization of cultivated land after reclamation. At present, the research on rural residential land reclamation at home and abroad mainly concentrates on the evaluation of reclamation potential of rural residential land, the analysis of reclamation efficiency, the status of reclamation, problems and countermeasures analysis, reclamation after reclamation. There are few studies on the utilization of cultivated land after reclamation, so it is necessary to study the utilization mode of cultivated land after reclaimed land reclamation, so as to increase crop yield, improve the benefit of cultivated land utilization after reclamation, increase production and income of farmers, and enhance the utilization of cultivated land after reclamation. Practical significance. On the basis of investigating the utilization status of cultivated land reclamation in Chongqing, the economic benefit and light energy utilization rate of each utilization model were compared and compared, and six kinds of planting patterns were selected, namely, CP1 children's vegetable - four season beans, CP2 rape / corn, CP3 bean corn, CP4 potato / watermelon, CP5 potato / corn, CP6 lettuce maize field location test was carried out in the Tongliang County Shuikou Town. The effects of six planting patterns on soil quality, economic benefit and ecological benefit were studied. The grey correlation analysis method was used to evaluate the degree of the six planting patterns. The following main conclusions were obtained: 1. the reclamation of farmland in rural residential land in Chongqing City The current investigation and investigation of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in Chongqing, the land reclamation pattern of the rural residential land in the Wulong and Western Chongqing areas found that the highest pure income in the land reclamation mode of each region is the vegetable vegetable pattern in the west of Chongqing, the pure income is 101850 yuan per hectare, and the lowest pure income is the model of the Artemisia in the Wanzhou District of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The yield is only 10500 yuan per hectare; the highest utilization rate of light energy is the maize / sweet potato pattern in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The utilization rate of light energy is 1.04%, the lowest is the flue cured tobacco pattern in Wulong mountain area. The light energy utilization rate of this model is only 0.1%.2. reclaimed cultivated land with different utilization modes on soil quality (1) different utilization modes of cultivated land for reclaimed cultivated land The effects of physical indexes on soil physical properties were compared between the six planting patterns. The results showed that after the experiment, the soil bulk density of each planting model decreased compared with that before the test, and the differences in each model reached significant, of which the bulk density of CP3 (PEA corn) was the smallest, and the bulk density of CP4 (horse bell potato / watermelon) was the largest. Soil moisture content and soil porosity were the most important. After the experiment, the soil gravel content decreased, and the difference reached significant, and the pattern of the gravel content was CP3 (Hu Dou - corn). The influence of each planting pattern on soil aggregates was significant difference between the 5mm and 2-5mm particle sizes. The percentage of soil aggregate and the average weight diameter of soil increased, and both of CP3 (PEA corn) were the largest, indicating that the six planting patterns could improve soil structure and increase the stability of aggregate, but the effect of CP3 (PEA corn) was the best. (2) the effects of different utilization modes of cultivated land on soil chemical indexes The effects on soil pH, total nitrogen and total potassium were not significant, but the effects on other chemical properties were all significant. The pH value of soil was reduced by CP3 (PEA corn) and CP4 (potato / watermelon), and CPl (cabbage / bean) and CP2 (rape / corn) after test. The soil organic matter content of CP3 (bean - corn) and CP5 (potato / corn) increased, the other two patterns decreased, the highest content was CP2 (rape / corn), and the lowest was CP4 (potato / watermelon). The total nitrogen content of soil was reduced in addition to CP4 (horse bell potato / watermelon) and CP6 (lettuce corn), and the other four planting patterns. The content of total nitrogen in soil increased, the content of CP3 (bean corn) was the highest, the content of CP4 (potato / watermelon) was the lowest, the total phosphorus content and the ratio of total potassium decreased, all potassium content increased, the highest content was CP2 (rape / corn). The content of alkali hydrolysable nitrogen in soil available nutrients increased and the content of CP3 (PEA corn) was the highest, and the available phosphorus content was the highest. In addition to the increase of CP2 (rape / corn), the remaining patterns were all decreased, and the content of CP4 (potato / watermelon) was the lowest; the content of available potassium increased in addition to CP4 (potato / watermelon), and the content of CP3 (PEA corn) was the highest. The comprehensive comparison of the effects of various planting patterns on soil chemical properties could be concluded that CP4 (potato / watermelon) raised soil nutrition. The effect of CP2 (rape / corn) and CP3 (bean - corn) improved soil nutrient effect was better than that of.3. reclaimed cultivated land. In the six planting patterns, the economic yield of CP1 was the highest of 31838.10 kg/ ha, and the economic yield of CP3 (PEA jade rice) was the lowest, only 7401.60 kg/ ha. The highest is 30498.58 kg/ ha of CP6 (lettuce corn), and the lowest is 14810.74 kg/ ha of CP4 (potato / watermelon). In several models, the total income, cost, pure income and yield ratio of CP1 are the highest, its pure income is 64778.92 yuan / ha, and the total income of CP2 (rape / corn) is the lowest, and the net income and yield ratio are the lowest. The pure income is 5779.53 yuan per hectare, only 8.92% of the former, and the lowest cost is CP3 (PEA corn). CP5 (potato / corn) has the highest light energy utilization rate in each model, reaching 1.57%, CP4 (potato / watermelon) has the lowest light energy utilization rate, only 0.13%.CP5 (Ma Ling / corn) has the highest yield and net productivity, and its net production capacity is 316189.. 75 MJ/ hectares, the maximum input energy is CP2 (rape / corn), the largest yield ratio is CP6 (lettuce and corn), and all the energy index CP1 (children's vegetable - four season bean) is the smallest, its net production capacity is 9611.48 MJ/ ha, only for the former 3.04%.4. reclaimed cultivated land with different utilization model comprehensive evaluation method, using the grey correlation analysis method, from the soil theory In the three aspects of chemical property, economic benefit and ecological benefit, ten indexes are selected to evaluate the six planting patterns in the experiment. When the weight assignment and weight assignment of each index are obtained, the correlation degree of CP5 (potato / corn) is the greatest. It is the best model and can be used in the cultivation of the cultivated land for the Homestead Land. It is appropriate to popularize, while CP4 (potato / watermelon) has the lowest correlation degree.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：F323.211

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