本文選題：水稻土 + 旱地土壤�。� 參考：《浙江大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：水稻是我國主要的糧食作物之一,水稻的高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)對(duì)糧食安全十分關(guān)鍵。糧食產(chǎn)量的增加約有30%-50%歸功于化學(xué)肥料的施用,其中又以化學(xué)氮肥的貢獻(xiàn)最為顯著。國際上公認(rèn)的施氮量(N)上限為225 kg/ha,氮肥利用率達(dá)到46%～68%；而我國單季作物的氮肥施用量已超過250 kg/ha,氮肥的當(dāng)季利用率只有30%-35%,明顯低于國際平均水平,過量施用化學(xué)氮肥已成為最突出的環(huán)境問題之一。有機(jī)肥料養(yǎng)分的循環(huán)利用不僅可替代部分化學(xué)氮肥,而且對(duì)建立環(huán)境友好的施肥技術(shù)體系具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。本論文研究了室內(nèi)模擬試驗(yàn)條件下有機(jī)肥配施化學(xué)氮肥對(duì)土壤中氮素形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化及其與氨揮發(fā)損失的關(guān)系,田間稻-稻輪作試驗(yàn)條件下,有機(jī)肥配施化學(xué)氮肥對(duì)雙季稻生長和氮肥利用率的影響。取得以下主要結(jié)果：1.不同施肥處理(不施肥處理CK、尿素氮處理T1、20%有機(jī)肥氮+80%尿素氮T2、20%有機(jī)肥氮+64%尿素氮T3)水稻土模擬試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,T2和T3處理的水稻土水溶性總氮、水溶性銨氮、KC1提取態(tài)銨氮、交換態(tài)銨氮含量明顯或顯著(P0.05)低于尿素氮處理(T1),且水溶性總氮、水溶性銨氮、KCl提取態(tài)銨氮和交換態(tài)銨氮彼此之間呈極顯著(P0.01)正相關(guān);T2和T3處理的水稻土累積氨揮發(fā)量均極顯著(P0.01)低于尿素氮處理(T1),減施氮肥處理(T3)的累積氨揮發(fā)量極顯著(P0.01)低于T2處理,說明有機(jī)肥配施化學(xué)氮肥可以減少水稻土中氨揮發(fā)的損失；氨揮發(fā)速率峰值與土壤水溶性銨氮和交換態(tài)銨氮含量呈極顯著(P0.01)線性相關(guān),江西水稻土和湖北水稻土的水溶性銨氮回歸系數(shù)分別為0.0233和0.0133,交換態(tài)銨氮回歸系數(shù)分別為0.0062和0.0003,交換態(tài)銨氮對(duì)氨揮發(fā)的效應(yīng)明顯小于水溶性銨氮,在相同施氮量條件下,氮素以交換態(tài)銨氮存在時(shí)可降低氨揮發(fā)速率,從培肥的角度應(yīng)采用相應(yīng)的技術(shù)措施提高土壤CEC和保肥性能。2.不同施肥處理(不施肥處理CK、尿素氮處理T1、20%有機(jī)肥氮+80%尿素氮T2、20%有機(jī)肥氮+64%尿素氮T3)旱地土壤模擬試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,T2和T3處理的旱地土壤水溶性總氮和水溶性硝氮含量顯著(P0.05)低于T1處理(除第2天取樣外),且水溶性硝氮與水溶性總氮呈極顯著(P0.01)正相關(guān),與水溶性銨氮、提取態(tài)銨氮、交換態(tài)銨氮呈極顯著(P0.01)負(fù)相關(guān);T2和T3處理的旱地土壤累積氨揮發(fā)量均極顯著(P0.01)低于尿素氮處理(T1),減施氮肥處理(T3)的累積氨揮發(fā)量極顯著(P0.01)低于T2處理,說明有機(jī)肥配施化學(xué)氮肥可以減少旱地土壤中氨揮發(fā)的損失；氨揮發(fā)速率峰值與土壤水溶性銨氮和交換態(tài)銨氮含量呈極顯著(P0.01)線性相關(guān),潮土和黑土的水溶性銨氮回歸系數(shù)分別為0.0207和0.0045,交換態(tài)銨氮回歸系數(shù)分別為0.0108和0.0017,旱地土壤交換態(tài)銨氮對(duì)氨揮發(fā)的效應(yīng)也明顯小于水溶性銨氮,在相同施氮量條件下,旱地土壤中氮素以交換態(tài)銨氮存在時(shí)一定程度上可降低氨揮發(fā)速率,對(duì)培肥地力、提高土壤保肥性能具有實(shí)際指導(dǎo)意義。3.不同施肥處理(不施肥處理CK、施磷鉀處理PK、常規(guī)施肥處理FP(N)、單施有機(jī)肥處理M(20%N)、20%有機(jī)肥+80%化肥的高產(chǎn)高效施肥處理CM(N)、20%有機(jī)肥+64%化肥的氮高效施肥處理CM(-N))田間早稻試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,早稻分蘗始期CM(N)處理的土壤水溶性硝氮、水溶性銨氮、水溶性總氮、提取態(tài)銨氮、交換態(tài)銨氮和堿解氮含量顯著(P0.05)高于CK、PK、M(20%N)處理；分蘗盛期FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)處理的土壤提取態(tài)銨氮、交換態(tài)銨氮和堿解氮含量顯著(P0.05)高于CK、PK、M(20%N)處理,FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)處理間無顯著差異；土壤水溶性硝氮與水溶性總氮呈顯著(P0.05)正相關(guān),堿解氮與提取態(tài)銨氮、交換態(tài)銨氮呈顯著(P0.05)正相關(guān)(除返青期外)；早稻返青期和成熟期FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)處理的土壤脲酶活性顯著(P0.05)高于CK、PK、M(20%)處理,FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)處理間無顯著差異；早稻分蘗盛期CM(N)處理的土壤蔗糖酶活性顯著(P0.05)高于CK、PK處理,其他時(shí)期各處理間無顯著差異;FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)處理的籽粒產(chǎn)量、地上部生物量顯著(P0.05)高于CK、PK、M(20%)處理,FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)處理間無顯著差異；CM(N)、CM(-N)處理的早稻農(nóng)學(xué)利用率分別為15.08 kg/kg、18.65 kg/kg,均顯著(P0.05)高于FP(N)處理,CM(N)、CM(-N)處理的早稻表觀利用率分別為35.18%、38.96%,明顯或顯著(P0.05)高于FP(N)處理,說明有機(jī)肥配施化學(xué)氮肥等氮和減氮處理均可以保持早稻籽粒產(chǎn)量,提高早稻化肥氮的利用率。4.不同施肥處理(不施肥處理CK、施磷鉀處理PK、常規(guī)施肥處理FP(N)、單施有機(jī)肥處理M(20%N)、20%有機(jī)肥+80%化肥的高產(chǎn)高效施肥處理CM(N)、20%有機(jī)肥+64%化肥的氮高效施肥處理CM(-N))田間晚稻試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,晚稻分蘗期FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)處理的水溶性硝氮、水溶性總氮和堿解氮含量顯著(P0.05)高于CK、PK處理,FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)處理間無顯著差異；分蘗盛期FP(N)處理的提取態(tài)銨氮和交換態(tài)銨氮含量顯著(P0.05)高于CM(N)、CM(-N)處理；土壤水溶性硝氮與水溶性總氮呈顯著(P0.05)正相關(guān),堿解氮與水溶性硝氮、水溶性總氮、提取態(tài)銨氮、交換態(tài)銨氮呈顯著(P0.05)正相關(guān)(除返青期外)；晚稻分蘗盛期FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)處理的土壤脲酶活性顯著(P0.05)高于CK處理,FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)處理間無顯著差異；分蘗盛期和成熟期FP(N)、CM(N)處理的土壤蔗糖酶活性顯著(P0.05)高于CK處理；成熟期FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)處理的籽粒產(chǎn)量、地上部生物量和氮素積累量均顯著(P0.05)高于CK、PK、M(20%N)處理,FP(N)處理顯著(P0.05)高于CM(-N)處理；CM(N)、CM(-N)處理的晚稻農(nóng)學(xué)利用率分別為16.53 kg/kg、18.82 kg/kg,均顯著(P0.05)高于FP(N)處理,CM(N)、CM(-N)處理的晚稻表觀利用率分別為48.07%、48.41%,均顯著(P0.05)高于FP(N)處理；說明有機(jī)肥配施化學(xué)氮肥等氮處理可以保持晚稻籽粒產(chǎn)量、地上部生物量和氮素積累量,提高晚稻化肥氮的農(nóng)學(xué)利用率和表觀利用率。5.田間整個(gè)輪作試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)處理的籽粒產(chǎn)量、地上部氮素積累量均顯著(P0.05)高于CK、PK、M(20%N)處理,FP(N)處理的籽粒產(chǎn)量顯著(P0.05)高于CM(N)和CM(-N)處理,FP(N)、CM(N)處理的地上部氮素積累量顯著(P0.05)高于CM(-N)處理；CM(N)、CM(-N)處理的水稻農(nóng)學(xué)利用率分別為15.86 kg/kg.18.74 kg/kg,均顯著(P0.05)高于FP(N)處理,且CM(-N)處理顯著(P0.05)高于CM(N)處理；(CM(N)、CM(-N)處理的水稻表觀利用率分別為42.16%、44.07%,均顯著(P0.05)高于FP(N)處理,且CM(N)與CM(-N)處理無顯著差異,說明有機(jī)肥配施化學(xué)氮肥等氮和減氮處理能顯著提高整個(gè)輪作的水稻化肥氮利用率,但不利于保持水稻的持續(xù)高產(chǎn)。
[Abstract]:Rice is one of the main grain crops in China. The high and stable yield of rice is very important for grain safety. The increase of grain yield is about 30%-50% due to the application of chemical fertilizer, and the contribution of chemical nitrogen fertilizer is the most significant. The upper limit of nitrogen application (N) is 225 kg/ha and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is 46% ~ 68%. The application of nitrogen fertilizer for seasonal crops has exceeded 250 kg/ha, and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the season is only 30%-35%, which is obviously lower than the international average. Excessive application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer has become one of the most prominent environmental problems. The recycling of organic fertilizer nutrients can not only replace some chemical nitrogen fertilizers, but also establish a environmentally friendly fertilization system. There were important practical significance. This paper studied the relationship between nitrogen form transformation and the loss of ammonia volatilization in soil with organic manure and chemical nitrogen fertilizer under indoor simulated test, and the effect of organic manure with chemical nitrogen fertilizer on the growth of double cropping rice and nitrogen utilization ratio under rice rice rotation experiment in the field. The following main results were obtained: 1. Different fertilization treatments (no fertilization treatment CK, urea nitrogen treatment T1,20% organic manure nitrogen, +80% urea nitrogen T2,20% organic manure nitrogen +64% urea nitrogen T3) rice soil simulation test results showed that T2 and T3 treated paddy soil water-soluble total nitrogen, water-soluble ammonium nitrogen, KC1 extraction ammonium nitrogen, exchange state ammonium nitrogen content is obvious or significant (P0.05) lower than the urea nitrogen treatment (T1). Water soluble total nitrogen, water-soluble ammonium nitrogen, KCl extracted ammonium nitrogen and exchangeable ammonium nitrogen were positively correlated with each other (P0.01); the cumulative ammonia volatilization of paddy soils treated by T2 and T3 was significantly lower than that of urea nitrogen treatment (T1), and the cumulative ammonia volatilization of the reduced nitrogen treatment (T3) was significantly lower than T2 treatment (P0.01), indicating the combination of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer can reduce the loss of ammonia volatilization in paddy soil; the peak value of ammonia volatilization is linearly correlated with soil water-soluble ammonium and nitrogen and exchangeable ammonium nitrogen content (P0.01). The water soluble ammonium and nitrogen regression coefficients of Jiangxi paddy soil and Hubei paddy soil are 0.0233 and 0.0133 respectively, and the exchangeable ammonium nitrogen regression coefficients are 0.0062 and 0.0003, respectively. The effect of ammonium nitrogen on ammonia volatilization is significantly less than that of water-soluble ammonium nitrogen. Under the same nitrogen application conditions, nitrogen can reduce the rate of ammonia volatilization in the presence of exchangeable ammonium and nitrogen. From the angle of fertilization, the corresponding technical measures should be adopted to improve the soil CEC and the fertilizer performance.2. (no fertilization treatment CK, urea nitrogen treatment T1,20% organic fertilizer nitrogen +80%). The results of dry soil simulation test of urea nitrogen T2,20% organic fertilizer nitrogen +64% urea nitrogen T3 showed that the water soluble total nitrogen and water soluble nitrogen and nitrogen content of dry soil treated by T2 and T3 (P0.05) were lower than T1 treatment (except for second days), and the water soluble nitrate nitrogen and water soluble total nitrogen were positively correlated with P0.01, with water-soluble ammonium nitrogen and extraction ammonium nitrogen. The change of ammonium nitrogen was very significant (P0.01) negative correlation; the cumulative ammonia volatilization of dry soil treated by T2 and T3 was significantly lower than that of urea nitrogen treatment (T1). The cumulative ammonia volatilization of the reduced nitrogen treatment (T3) was very significant (P0.01) lower than that of T2 treatment, indicating that the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic manure could reduce the loss of ammonia volatilization in dryland soil; ammonia volatilization speed. The peak value was significantly correlated with water soluble ammonium and nitrogen and exchangeable ammonium nitrogen (P0.01). The regression coefficients of water-soluble ammonium and nitrogen in the soil and the black soil were 0.0207 and 0.0045 respectively. The regression coefficients of the exchangeable ammonium and nitrogen were 0.0108 and 0.0017 respectively. The effect of the exchangeable ammonium nitrogen on the ammonia volatilization of the dryland soil was obviously smaller than that of the water-soluble ammonium and nitrogen. Under the condition of nitrogen application, nitrogen in dry soil can reduce the ammonia volatilization rate to a certain extent in the presence of exchangeable ammonium and nitrogen in the dry soil. It has practical guiding significance for the soil fertility and soil conservation performance of the soil.3. (no fertilizer treatment CK, PK, FP (N), M (20%N), 20% organic fertilizer +80%). High yield and high efficiency fertilizer treatment CM (N), 20% organic manure +64% fertilizer nitrogen efficient fertilizer treatment CM (-N) field early rice test results showed that the soil water soluble nitrogen, water-soluble ammonium nitrogen, water-soluble total nitrogen, extracted ammonium nitrogen, the content of alternate ammonium nitrogen and alkaline nitrogen (P0.05) were higher than CK, PK, M (20%N) treatment with CM (N) at the beginning of early rice tillering. There was no significant difference between FP (N), CM (N) and CM (-N) treated soil, which was significantly higher than CK, PK, M (20%N) treatment, and there was no significant difference in the treatment of CK, PK, M (20%N); soil water-soluble nitrogen and water-soluble total nitrogen were positively correlated, alkaline nitrogen and extracted ammonium nitrogen, and exchangeable ammonium nitrogen were significant 05) positive correlation (except for returning to green period); the soil urease activity of FP (N), CM (N) and CM (-N) treated in early rice was significantly higher than CK, PK, M (20%), FP (N), and there was no significant difference in the treatment of early rice; the activity of invertase in soil treated at the peak of early rice tillering was higher than that in the other periods. There were significant differences; the grain yield of FP (N), CM (N) and CM (-N) was significantly higher than CK, PK, M (20%) treatment, and there was no significant difference in the treatment of FP (N). The agricultural utilization rate of early rice was 15.08, 18.65, respectively. The use rate was 35.18%, 38.96%, obvious or significant (P0.05) higher than FP (N) treatment, which indicated that organic manure combined with nitrogen and nitrogen reduction treatments could keep the grain yield of early rice and improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer nitrogen in early rice,.4. with different fertilizer treatments (CK, PK, FP (N), and M (20%N), and single application of organic fertilizer for M (20%N). The results of 20% organic manure +80% fertilizer high yield and high efficiency fertilization treatment CM (N), 20% organic fertilizer +64% fertilizer nitrogen efficient fertilization treatment CM (-N) field late rice test results showed that the late rice at tillering stage FP (N), CM (N), CM (-N) treatment of water-soluble nitrogen, water-soluble total nitrogen and alkaline nitrogen content was significantly higher than that of the treatment. The content of ammonium nitrogen and exchangeable ammonium nitrogen (P0.05) in the FP (N) treatment at the full stage of tillering was higher than that of CM (N) and CM (-N) treatment; the water soluble nitrate nitrogen in soil was positively correlated with the water soluble total nitrogen (P0.05), alkaline nitrogen and water-soluble nitrogen, water soluble total nitrogen, extraction ammonium nitrogen, and exchangeable ammonium nitrogen were significant (P0.05) positive correlation (except for return to green period). The soil urease activity of FP (N), CM (N) and CM (-N) in late rice was higher than that of CK treatment, and there was no significant difference between FP (N) and CM (N). The accumulation of nitrogen and nitrogen were significantly higher than that of CK, PK, M (20%N), and FP (N) treatment (P0.05) was higher than CM (-N). CM (N), the agronomic utilization rate of late rice was 16.53, 18.82, respectively, and the apparent utilization rate of late rice was 48.07% and 48.41% respectively. The treatment of FP (N) showed that organic manure combined with chemical nitrogen fertilizer could keep the grain yield, biomass and nitrogen accumulation of late rice, increase the agricultural utilization rate and apparent utilization rate of late rice, and.5. field whole rotation test results showed that the grain yield of FP (N), CM (N), CM (-N), and the accumulation of nitrogen in the upper part of the ground were all obvious. (P0.05) higher than CK, PK, M (20%N) treatment, the grain yield of FP (N) treatment was higher than CM (N) and CM (-N) treatment. Treatment significantly (P0.05) was higher than CM (N) treatment; (CM (N), CM (-N) treatment of rice apparent utilization rate was 42.16%, 44.07%, respectively, significant (P0.05) higher than FP (N) treatment, and CM (N) and treatment no significant difference, indicating that the organic manure with nitrogen and nitrogen reduction treatment can significantly increase the utilization of nitrogen fertilizer nitrogen in the whole rotation of rice, but not favorable. Keep the continuous high yield of rice.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S153.6;S511.42

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