本文選題：水土流失 + 凹凸棒土　； 參考：《西安理工大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：水土流失是阻礙黃土高原坡地農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要因素,本文通過(guò)野外人工模擬降雨試驗(yàn),研究不同坡度降雨侵蝕規(guī)律及不同調(diào)控措施對(duì)黃土坡面降雨侵蝕的影響,其結(jié)果對(duì)黃土高原水土資源的可持續(xù)利用具有重要意義。得到以下主要結(jié)論:(1)存在臨界坡度30°對(duì)坡面降雨徑流侵蝕產(chǎn)生影響。坡度小于等于30°時(shí),徑流侵蝕均隨坡度的增加而增大,坡度大于30°時(shí),徑流侵蝕隨坡度的增加而減小;大雨強(qiáng)下不同坡度單寬流量與產(chǎn)沙率及養(yǎng)分流失率均呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,單寬流量與產(chǎn)沙率之間為線(xiàn)性函數(shù)關(guān)系,單寬流量與養(yǎng)分流失率之間為二次函數(shù)關(guān)系;水動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)與坡度呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,單寬流量、產(chǎn)沙率與雷諾數(shù)及弗汝德數(shù)呈正相關(guān),與阻力系數(shù)呈負(fù)相關(guān),單寬流量、產(chǎn)沙率與水流剪切力、水流功率、單位水流功率均呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系;土壤可蝕性指標(biāo)K1、K3與坡度呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,土壤可蝕性指標(biāo)K2與坡度呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。(2)凹凸棒土(ATP)使土壤入滲率、土壤容水度、土壤非飽和擴(kuò)散率、土壤非飽和傳導(dǎo)度減小,使土壤水穩(wěn)性團(tuán)聚體和土壤大顆粒含量增加;Philip公式中的吸滲率S和穩(wěn)滲率A均減小,Kostiakov公式中入滲系數(shù)K減小,經(jīng)驗(yàn)指數(shù)β增大;vanGenuchten公式中滯留含水率θr減小,飽和含水率θs增大,進(jìn)氣值的倒數(shù)α增大,形狀系數(shù)n減小;用分形模型模擬飽和導(dǎo)水率及飽和含水率,模擬值與實(shí)測(cè)值的RMSE在0.1以?xún)?nèi);ATP使坡面徑流量、產(chǎn)沙量、養(yǎng)分流失量減小,產(chǎn)沙量、養(yǎng)分流失量均隨徑流量的增加而增加。(3)在兩種覆蓋格局三種雨強(qiáng)的影響下,碎石嵌入表土?xí)r徑流量整體較碎石覆蓋表土?xí)r變化劇烈,碎石覆蓋表土?xí)r產(chǎn)沙量較碎石嵌入表土變化劇烈,養(yǎng)分流失量在雨強(qiáng)為60mm/h時(shí)碎石嵌入表土較碎石覆蓋表土變化劇烈,雨強(qiáng)為90、120m/h時(shí)碎石覆蓋表土較碎石嵌入表土變化劇烈;五種蓋度下,產(chǎn)流量隨著蓋度的增加而增加,產(chǎn)沙量隨著蓋度的增加而減小,雨強(qiáng)為60mm/h時(shí)養(yǎng)分流失量隨蓋度的增加而減小,雨強(qiáng)為90、120mm/h時(shí)養(yǎng)分流失量隨蓋度的增加而增加;產(chǎn)流量與產(chǎn)沙量在兩種碎石格局下均呈負(fù)相關(guān),產(chǎn)流量與養(yǎng)分流失量在雨強(qiáng)為60mm/h時(shí)呈負(fù)相關(guān),在雨強(qiáng)為90、120mm/h時(shí)均呈正相關(guān)。
[Abstract]:Soil erosion is an important factor that hinders the development of agriculture in sloping land of the Loess Plateau. In this paper, the effects of different slope rainfall erosion laws and regulation measures on rainfall erosion on loess slope surface are studied by artificial rainfall simulation experiment in the field. The results are of great significance to the sustainable utilization of soil and water resources in the Loess Plateau. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) there exists a critical slope of 30 擄which has an effect on the erosion of rainfall runoff on the slope surface. When the slope is less than or equal to 30 擄, the runoff erosion increases with the increase of slope, and when the slope is larger than 30 擄, the runoff erosion decreases with the increase of slope, and the single wide flow rate of different slope is positively correlated with sediment yield and nutrient loss rate under heavy rain. The relationship between single wide flow rate and sediment yield is linear, the relationship between single wide flow rate and nutrient loss rate is quadratic, the hydrodynamic parameters are positively correlated with slope, and the single width flow rate and sediment yield rate are positively correlated with Reynolds number and Froude number. There was a positive correlation between single wide discharge and flow shear force, flow power, unit flow power, soil erodibility index K1K _ 3 and slope, and the soil erosion index K _ (1) K _ (3) was positively correlated with the slope. Soil erodibility index K2 has a negative correlation with slope. (2) attapulgite soil ATP) makes soil infiltration rate, soil moisture content, soil unsaturated diffusion rate and soil unsaturated conductivity decrease. The soil water stable aggregate and soil large particle content were increased. The infiltration rate S and A in the Philip formula were decreased. The infiltration coefficient K was decreased in Kostiakov formula, the residual water content 胃 r and the saturated water content 胃 s in the van Genuchten formula were increased with the increase of the empirical index 尾. The reciprocal 偽 of the inlet air value increases and the shape coefficient n decreases, and the saturated water conductivity and saturated water content are simulated by fractal model. The runoff, sediment yield, nutrient loss and sediment yield of the slope surface are reduced by the RMSE of the simulated value and the measured value within 0. 1. Nutrient loss increased with the increase of runoff. 3) under the influence of two kinds of cover patterns and three kinds of rain intensity, the total runoff of gravel embedded in topsoil changed more sharply than that of crushed stone covering topsoil. The sediment yield of gravel cover topsoil is more dramatic than that of gravel embedded topsoil, the nutrient loss of gravel embedded topsoil is more dramatic when rainfall intensity is 60mm/h, and the change of gravel cover topsoil is more severe when rainfall intensity is 90120m/h. The change of gravel cover topsoil is more severe than that of gravel embedded topsoil when rainfall intensity is 90120m/h. Under five kinds of coverage, the yield of runoff increases with the increase of coverage, the amount of sediment yield decreases with the increase of coverage, the amount of nutrient loss decreases with the increase of coverage when rain intensity is 60mm/h, and increases with the increase of coverage when rain intensity is 90120mm/h. There was a negative correlation between runoff and sediment yield under two gravel patterns, a negative correlation between runoff and nutrient loss when rain intensity was 60mm/h, and a positive correlation between runoff and nutrient loss when rain intensity was 90120mm/h.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西安理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S157.1

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