發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-12 16:12

  本文選題：生物炭 + 黑土區(qū)��； 參考：《東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：東北黑土區(qū)是中國重要的商品糧基地,占全國糧食總產(chǎn)五分之一。黑土中富含有機(jī)質(zhì),養(yǎng)分含量高,有深厚的腐殖質(zhì)層和良好的物理、化學(xué)及生物學(xué)特性,是中國重要的土壤資源。然而當(dāng)前黑土區(qū)水土流失嚴(yán)重,富含有機(jī)質(zhì)、養(yǎng)分的黑土層持續(xù)流失,土壤容重不斷增大,導(dǎo)致土壤持水、保肥能力持續(xù)下降,農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量下降,嚴(yán)重威脅國家和地區(qū)糧食安全及農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展�！妒逡�(guī)劃綱要》將加強(qiáng)黑土區(qū)保護(hù)和加快實(shí)施東北節(jié)水增糧列入了推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的重點(diǎn)。生物炭技術(shù)利用農(nóng)業(yè)秸稈等廢棄物對土壤進(jìn)行改良修復(fù),在低碳環(huán)保的同時(shí)提高水肥利用效率,使農(nóng)作物增產(chǎn)保收,是農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要研究方向,特別是對東北黑土區(qū)豐富的秸稈資源的綠色循環(huán)高效利用具有十分重要的意義。本試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)選在北安市紅星農(nóng)場,采用徑流小區(qū)結(jié)合室內(nèi)試驗(yàn),在自然生長條件下,分析連續(xù)兩年不同生物炭施用量處理對土壤理化性質(zhì)、土壤水分運(yùn)動參數(shù)和溶質(zhì)運(yùn)移參數(shù)的影響,建立并驗(yàn)證土壤水分運(yùn)動和溶質(zhì)運(yùn)移模型,對模擬結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析,得到以下結(jié)論:1.隨著生物炭添加量的增加,兩年試驗(yàn)的各處理容重逐漸降低,總孔隙度逐漸增加。生物炭的連續(xù)兩年施用都明顯提高了土壤中水穩(wěn)性團(tuán)聚體的含量以及總有機(jī)碳含量,且提高幅度較大。水穩(wěn)性團(tuán)聚體增幅為:17.29%~126.20%;總有機(jī)碳含量增幅為:36.19%~196.63%。不同處理的p H,有機(jī)質(zhì),有效磷,速效鉀均隨著生物炭添加量和施用年限的增加而增加,其中有機(jī)質(zhì)增加最為顯著。土壤田間持水量和飽和含水率均隨著生物炭累積施用量的增加而增加。生物炭有效改善了土壤持水、保水的能力,提高了土壤儲水性能,有利于作物抗旱,達(dá)到節(jié)水增產(chǎn)的目的。2.不同施用量、連續(xù)兩年的生物炭均增加了耕層的土壤持水能力。生物炭對進(jìn)氣值倒數(shù)的影響最為顯著。兩年試驗(yàn)結(jié)果相比較,繼續(xù)施用生物炭仍能改善土壤水分特征曲線,顯著提高土壤的持水能力。當(dāng)體積含水率小于0.40 cm3·cm-3時(shí),生物炭抑制了土壤水分在水平方向上的運(yùn)動;當(dāng)體積含水率大于0.40 cm3·cm-3時(shí),生物炭的存在提高了土壤水分的水平擴(kuò)散能力。第二年連續(xù)施加生物炭對水分?jǐn)U散率仍具有一定的影響,但當(dāng)生物炭的累計(jì)施用量持續(xù)增加,其作用效果開始減弱。隨著生物炭添加量和施用年限的增加,非飽和導(dǎo)水率逐漸增加,其波動范圍也逐漸增加。生物炭能提高土壤的導(dǎo)水能力,改善土壤水力學(xué)性質(zhì),從而提高土壤水分利用效率,保證作物產(chǎn)量。各生物炭處理的彌散系數(shù)均較0 t/hm2的處理有所增加,且隨著生物炭施用年限的增加逐漸增加。3.根據(jù)土壤水動力學(xué)理論,結(jié)合試驗(yàn)地區(qū)的具體情況,建立了土壤水分運(yùn)動與溶質(zhì)運(yùn)移模型。通過對降雨后20分鐘、1小時(shí)和12小時(shí)的土壤水分、溶質(zhì)含量的模擬值與實(shí)測值的對比發(fā)現(xiàn)模型誤差在可允許范圍內(nèi),表明了模型在試驗(yàn)區(qū)生物炭施用條件下可以適用,模型準(zhǔn)確、可靠。4.由模擬結(jié)果得:各處理土壤剖面含水率從小到大為0 t/hm225 t/hm250 t/hm275t/hm2100 t/hm2,隨著生物炭施用年限的逐漸增加,土壤剖面含水率隨之增加,生物炭的施用增加了土壤含水率,提高了土壤的持水能力,有利于作物更好的利用水分,達(dá)到高效利用水資源的目的。各處理土壤剖面溶質(zhì)含量從小到大依次為0 t/hm225 t/hm250 t/hm275t/hm2100 t/hm2,生物炭的施用減少了土壤養(yǎng)分的流失,且生物炭施用量越高,土壤溶質(zhì)含量越大。生物炭使土壤中賦存更多的養(yǎng)分,有利于養(yǎng)分的滯留和賦存,從而更有利于作物生長發(fā)育。
[Abstract]:The northeast black soil area is an important commodity grain base in China, accounting for 1/5 of the total grain production in China. The black soil is rich in organic matter, high in nutrient content, with a deep humus layer and good physical, chemical and biological characteristics. It is an important soil resource in China. However, the soil and water loss of the black soil area is serious and the black soil rich in organic matter and nutrients at present. Continuous loss, soil bulk density continues to increase, lead to soil water holding, the ability to maintain fertilizer, crop yield decline, and seriously threaten food security and sustainable agricultural development in countries and regions. < 13th Five-Year planning outline > will strengthen the protection of the black soil area and accelerate the implementation of the northeast water saving and increasing grain to promote the modernization of agriculture. It is an important research direction for the sustainable development of agriculture, especially the green recycling of the rich straw resources in the black soil area of Northeast China, which is of great significance. In Bei'an Red Star Farm, the effects of different biological charcoal dosage on soil physical and chemical properties, soil moisture movement parameters and solute transport parameters were analyzed under natural growth conditions. The model of soil water movement and solute migration was established and verified. The following conclusions are obtained: 1. with the increase of the amount of biological carbon, the bulk density of the two years experiment gradually decreased and the total porosity increased gradually. The continuous two years application of biological carbon significantly increased the content of water stable aggregates and the total organic carbon content in the soil, and the increase was greater. The increase of water stability aggregates was 17.29%~126.20. The increase of total organic carbon content was as follows: the increase in organic matter, effective phosphorus and available potassium increased with the increase of the amount of biological charcoal and the number of years of application, and the increase of organic matter was the most significant. The soil water holding capacity and saturated water content increased with the increase of the cumulative amount of biological charcoal. The Biocharcoal was effectively modified by 36.19%~196.63%.. Good soil water holding capacity, water retention capacity, improve the performance of soil water storage, is conducive to the drought resistance of crops, to achieve the purpose of water-saving and increasing production of.2. different dosage, two years of continuous biological carbon increase the soil water holding capacity of the plough layer. Biological carbon has the most significant effect on the intake value. Two years experiment results are compared, and continued application of biological carbon still can be used. The soil moisture characteristic curve improved soil water holding capacity. When the volume water content was less than 0.40 cm3. Cm-3, biological carbon inhibited the movement of soil moisture in the horizontal direction. When the volume water content was more than 0.40 cm3. Cm-3, the existence of biological carbon increased the horizontal diffusion capacity of soil moisture. Second years of continuous application of biological carbon was applied. It still has a certain influence on the water diffusivity, but when the cumulative application of biological carbon continues to increase, its effect begins to weaken. With the increase of the amount of biological carbon and the increase of application years, the unsaturated water conductivity increases gradually and its fluctuation range increases gradually. Increasing soil water use efficiency and ensuring crop yield. The diffusion coefficient of each biochar treatment increased more than that of 0 t/hm2. With the increase of biological carbon application years, the soil water movement and solute transport model was established according to the soil hydrodynamic theory and the specific conditions in the experimental area. The comparison of soil moisture and solute content between 20 minutes, 1 hours and 12 hours after rainfall shows that the model error is within the allowable range. It shows that the model can be applied under the condition of biological carbon application in the experimental area. The model is accurate and reliable.4. is obtained from the simulated results: the water content of each treatment soil section is 0 t/hm225 t/ from small to large. Hm250 t/hm275t/hm2100 t/hm2, with the increasing of biological carbon application years, the soil moisture content increased, the application of biological carbon increased the soil moisture content, increased the water holding capacity of the soil, was beneficial to the better use of water and the purpose of efficient use of water resources. Each treatment soil profile content from small to large In turn, 0 t/hm225 t/hm250 t/hm275t/hm2100 t/hm2, the application of biological carbon reduces soil nutrient loss, and the higher the amount of biological charcoal, the greater the soil solute content. Biological carbon makes more nutrients in the soil, is conducive to the retention and occurrence of nutrients, thus more favorable for crop growth and development.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S152.7;S153

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