本文選題：草履蚧 + 趨性反應(yīng)�。� 參考：《山西大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：草履蚧Drosicha corpulenta (Kuwana)屬昆蟲(chóng)綱Insecta,半翅目Hemiptera,蚧總科Coccoidea,綿蚧科Monophlebidae,是一種危害多種林木和果樹(shù)的植食性害蟲(chóng),在我國(guó)分布廣泛。本研究以昆蟲(chóng)寄主選擇機(jī)制為依據(jù),結(jié)合觸角感受器的超微結(jié)構(gòu)與功能研究,為草履蚧的生物防治提供理論依據(jù)。研究?jī)?nèi)容包括：(1)利用Y型嗅覺(jué)儀和蜜露顯色法,觀察寄主與非寄主植物的氣味對(duì)草履蚧行為的影響；(2)運(yùn)用光學(xué)顯微鏡、掃描電鏡和透射電鏡技術(shù),研究各齡期草履蚧觸角感受器的種類、形態(tài)、數(shù)量及分布；(3)草履蚧雌成蟲(chóng)觸角氣味結(jié)合蛋白(OBPs)的氨基酸序列分析。結(jié)果如下：1、研究了草履蚧2齡若蟲(chóng)和雌成蟲(chóng)分別對(duì)12種寄主植物和6種非寄主植物的趨性反應(yīng),并采用蜜露顯色法測(cè)定了4種驅(qū)避作用較強(qiáng)的非寄主植物乙醇提取液對(duì)草履蚧蜜露排泄量的影響。草履蚧若蟲(chóng)和雌成蟲(chóng)對(duì)3種寄主植物柿樹(shù)、棗樹(shù)、楊樹(shù)的氣味均表現(xiàn)出顯著的正趨性,其中柿樹(shù)對(duì)若蟲(chóng)和雌成蟲(chóng)的引誘率分別達(dá)到68.92%和74.68%,誘集效果達(dá)到極顯著水平；而對(duì)非寄主植物花椒、臭椿、薄荷、連翹的揮發(fā)物,以及上述4種植物的乙醇提取液表現(xiàn)出顯著的負(fù)趨性,這些植物的揮發(fā)物和提取液對(duì)草履蚧具有顯著的驅(qū)避作用,而榆葉梅植株揮發(fā)物僅對(duì)雌成蟲(chóng)具有顯著驅(qū)避作用；拒食作用測(cè)定發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)臭椿和花椒乙醇提取液處理后,草履蚧若蟲(chóng)的蜜露排泄量分別減少了70.57%和70.07%,雌成蟲(chóng)的減少了80.53%和72.42%,減少量均達(dá)到極顯著水平。2、草履蚧2齡若蟲(chóng)和雌雄成蟲(chóng)觸角形態(tài)及感受器的數(shù)量、分布和超微結(jié)構(gòu)特征如下：草履蚧2齡若蟲(chóng)和雌成蟲(chóng)觸角呈短棒狀,深棕色,由柄節(jié)、梗節(jié)、鞭節(jié)組成,從2齡若蟲(chóng)發(fā)育到雌成蟲(chóng)鞭亞節(jié)由4個(gè)增加為6個(gè)。觸角感器共有6種類型9種形態(tài)：毛形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)、錐形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)、刺形感器、腔錐形感器、鐘形感器、釘形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)。草履蚧雄蟲(chóng)觸角為黑色、環(huán)生細(xì)長(zhǎng)感覺(jué)毛呈念珠狀,由柄節(jié)、梗節(jié)和8節(jié)鞭亞節(jié)組成。雄蟲(chóng)觸角感器共有7種類型10種形態(tài)：毛形感器(Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ)、錐形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)、刺形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)、腔錐形感器、鐘形感器、釘形感器和周邊具橛感器。各類型感器在各齡期觸角上的形態(tài)、數(shù)量和分布不完全相同,毛形、刺形、釘型感受器的長(zhǎng)度均隨著齡期的增加而增加,其余感器變化不大。絕大部分觸角感受器分布在觸角的背、腹面和外側(cè)面：毛形感器數(shù)量最多,在各齡期各節(jié)均有分布,約占80%；鐘形感器僅為1個(gè),著生于梗節(jié)腹面前緣；若蟲(chóng)和雌成蟲(chóng)具有兩種形態(tài)的釘型感器,分別分布于觸角頂節(jié)和第一、二鞭節(jié)腹面,雄成蟲(chóng)僅有1種著生于觸角頂節(jié)；錐形感器雌雄成蟲(chóng)比若蟲(chóng)多1種；若蟲(chóng)和雌成蟲(chóng)的刺形感器僅有1種,主要分布于柄節(jié)和梗節(jié),此外,雄成蟲(chóng)還有1種著生在頂節(jié)；腔錐感器均為1種,主要散生于梗節(jié)和頂節(jié)上；周邊具橛感器僅存在于雄成蟲(chóng)梗節(jié)前緣。超微結(jié)構(gòu)表明：錐形感器表皮壁薄、壁孔多,淋巴腔內(nèi)有大量神經(jīng)樹(shù)突,是一種嗅覺(jué)感器；雄成蟲(chóng)的Ⅰ型毛形感器壁較厚,壁上有孔,淋巴腔內(nèi)有2個(gè)神經(jīng)樹(shù)突,可能具有嗅覺(jué)感受功能；其Ⅱ型毛形感受器壁孔較少,基部淋巴腔內(nèi)有一管狀體,行使嗅覺(jué)感受和機(jī)械感受的功能；若蟲(chóng)、雌成蟲(chóng)的毛形感受器Ⅰ型與雄成蟲(chóng)的毛形感受器Ⅲ型、剌形感器Ⅱ型,這三種感器特點(diǎn)為表皮壁厚且無(wú)孔,淋巴腔內(nèi)無(wú)樹(shù)突分支,其功能與已知的典型機(jī)械感受器一周邊具橛感器、鐘形感受器一致。雌成蟲(chóng)的刺形感受器與雄蟲(chóng)的刺形感器Ⅰ型表皮壁無(wú)孔,內(nèi)部樹(shù)突鞘將樹(shù)突分支包被在內(nèi)淋巴腔內(nèi),可能行使機(jī)械感受和化學(xué)感受功能；釘型感器壁較薄、壁孔較多,內(nèi)有大量神經(jīng)樹(shù)突,頂部有側(cè)孔,腔錐形感受器具有頂孔,兩者具有味覺(jué)感受功能。3.提取雌成蟲(chóng)觸角RNA,反轉(zhuǎn)錄獲得cDNA,進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)錄組測(cè)序分析：篩選得到了17條草履蚧預(yù)測(cè)的OBP氨基酸序列,有6個(gè)保守的半胱氨酸位點(diǎn),符合昆蟲(chóng)OBP結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)‘'C1-X15-39-C2-X3-C3-X21-44-C4-X7-12-C5-X8-C6"。通過(guò)比對(duì)分析,表明其中14條預(yù)測(cè)序列屬于OBPs家族。比對(duì)結(jié)果表明,草履蚧與同一亞目的蚜科昆蟲(chóng)相比,OBPs同源性為28%-35%,而DcOBP-3與苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocoris lineolatus的OBP4同源性最高,達(dá)到了46%
[Abstract]:The Paramecium Drosicha corpulenta (Kuwana) genus Insecta, Hemiptera Hemiptera, cecacroidea Coccoidea, miecacid Monophlebidae, is a kind of phytophagous pest that endanger a variety of trees and fruit trees. It is widely distributed in our country. This study is based on the mechanism of insect host selection, combined with the ultrastructure and function of antennae receptor. The biological control of parameces was provided as a theoretical basis. The contents of the study included: (1) the effects of the odor of host and non host plants on the behavior of Paramecium scale were observed by using the Y olfactory apparatus and the honeydew coloration method. (2) the species, morphology, quantity and score of the antennal sensilla of the Paramecium scale were studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. (3) the amino acid sequence analysis of the antennal odorant binding protein (OBPs) of the female adults of the Paramecium scale. The results are as follows: 1, the taxis reaction of the 12 host plants and 6 non host plants of the 2 instar and female adults of the Paramecium scale, respectively, were studied, and the honeydew color method was used to determine the 4 extracts of the ethanol extract of the non host plants. The scent of the 3 host plant persimmons, jujube trees, and poplar trees showed significant positive taxis. The inducement rate of persimmon to nymphs and female adults was 68.92% and 74.68% respectively, and the effect of the lure reached a very significant level, while the non host plant pepper, Ailanthus, menthol, forsythia forsythia. The volatiles of the 4 plants and the ethanol extracts of these plants showed significant negative taxis. The volatiles and extracts of these plants had significant repellent to the Paramecium. The volatiles of the plants of the plant had a significant repellent to the female adults; the antifeeding test found that the Paramecium was treated by the extract of Ailanthus alon and Zanthoxylum. The nectar excretion of the scale nymphs decreased by 70.57% and 70.07% respectively, the decrease of female adults was 80.53% and 72.42%, and the decrease reached an extremely significant level of.2. The antennae morphology and the number, distribution and ultrastructure of the 2 nymph and female and male adult insect of Paramecium scale, distribution and ultrastructure were as follows: the 2 age nymphs of Paramecium scale and female adult antennae were short bar like, dark brown, and dark brown. Crank, skeleton, and flagellum, from 2 old nymph to female adult flagellate from 4 to 6. There are 6 types of antennae in 9 forms: hair sensilla (I and II), cone sensilla (I and II), conical sense organ, cone sense organ, bell shaped sense organ (I and II). The male insect tentacles of Paramecium scale are black, and long and slender sensory hair is present. The rosary, consisting of the knots, the skeleton and the 8 sections of the flagellum. The male tentacle has 7 types and 10 forms: the hair sensilla (I, II and III), the cone sensilla (I and II), the prickly sensilla (I and II), the cone sense organ, the bell shaped sense organ, the peg sense organ and the peripheral peg. The shape, quantity and distribution of the various types of sensilla on the antennae of each age. Not exactly the same, the length of hair shape, prickle shape and nail receptor increased with the age, and the other sensilla changed little. Most of the antennae receptors were distributed on the back of the antennae, in the abdomen and in the outer side: the number of hair sensilla was the most, about 80% in all ages, and only 1 of the bell shaped sensilla, which was born in front of the abdomen. The nymph and female adult have two types of nail sensilla, which are distributed in the antennae and the first, second flagellum, and the male adult is only 1 species born in the antennae; the conical sensilla is 1 more than that of the nymph; there are only 1 spiny receptors of the nymph and the female adult, mainly in the knots and ganglia, and in addition, there are 1 species of male adult worms. There are 1 kinds of cones, which are mainly scattered on the ganglion and the top of the ganglion. The peripheral peg only exists in the front of the male adult worm. The ultrastructure shows that the skin wall of the cone is thin, the wall holes are many, the lymphatic cavity has a large number of nerve dendrites, and it is a sense organ. The wall of the type I sense organ of the male adult is thicker, and the wall has holes and drenching. There are 2 nerve dendrites in the intraluminal cavity, which may have the function of olfactory sensation, and there are fewer wall holes in the type II hair receptor and a tubular body in the base lymph cavity, which exercises the function of olfactory sensation and mechanical feeling; the nymph, the hair receptor type I of the female adult and the male adult's hair receptor type III, the type II type, are characterized by the characteristics of the three sensilla. The epidermis is thick and nonporous, and the lymphatic cavity has no dendritic branches, and its function is consistent with the known typical mechanoreceptor with a peripheral peg and bell receptor. The spiny receptor of the female adult and the stinging sense organ of the male have no pores, and the internal dendrite sheath covers the dendrite branch into the endolymphatic cavity, which may exercise mechanical feeling and chemistry. The wall of the nail sensilla is thinner and more wall hole, there are a large number of nerve dendrites with a large number of nerve dendrites, the top has a lateral hole, and the conical receptor of the cavity has the top hole. Both have the taste sensory function.3. extract the female adult antennae RNA, reverse transcription cDNA, and carry out the transcriptional sequence analysis: the OBP amino acid sequence predicted by 17 Paramecium scale is screened, and there are 6 guarantees. The homocysteine site conformed to the OBP structure of the insect ''C1-X15-39-C2-X3-C3-X21-44-C4-X7-12-C5-X8-C6'. Through comparison and analysis, 14 of the predicted sequences belonged to the OBPs family. Compared with the same subfamily aphid, the OBPs homology of the Paramecium was 28%-35%, and DcOBP-3 and the alfalfa Adelphocoris lineol. The OBP4 homology of atus is the highest, reaching 46%

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S433

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本文編號(hào)：1877220