本文選題：溫室番茄 + 氮肥　； 參考：《河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：目前,溫室菜田過量施氮普遍,導(dǎo)致氮淋失、氧化亞氮排放和氨揮發(fā)污染嚴(yán)重,但溫室番茄施氮損失和污染生化控制的研究較少。本研究采用田間調(diào)查與微區(qū)試驗相結(jié)合的方法,以施肥量較高的溫室番茄菜田為研究對象,不僅調(diào)查了溫室番茄土壤理化性質(zhì)變化規(guī)律和溫室番茄常規(guī)施肥氮素淋失情況,還深入研究了不同施氮和雙氰胺處理下,氧化亞氮排放、氨揮發(fā)以及0-100 cm不同層次土體硝態(tài)氮分布的變化規(guī)律,為減施氮肥增效和防控施肥污染提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。主要結(jié)果與特色創(chuàng)新如下:1.本研究首先調(diào)查了該地區(qū)溫室番茄土壤理化性質(zhì),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),該地區(qū)溫室番茄主要養(yǎng)分指標(biāo)和年限有一定的相關(guān)關(guān)系。其中,0-20 cm表層土壤有機質(zhì)和氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分隨種植年限延長有不同的累積趨勢,在棚齡為1-9年期間有機質(zhì)年均增加0.19%、堿解氮年均增加22.3 mg/kg,速效磷年均增加17.46 mg/kg,速效鉀年均增加167 mg/kg;堿解氮含量范圍為112-311 mg/kg,土壤速效磷含量為3.7-290 mg/kg。土壤p H值隨種植年限的延長呈先下降后上升的趨勢,在棚齡為1-7年期間平均每年下降0.17,在棚齡為7-22年期間平均每年升高0.07,最高達(dá)8.5,最低為7.4;溫室番茄土壤的EC值平均為0.556 m S/cm,溫室外空地的平均值為0.199 m S/cm,溫室內(nèi)是室外的2.8倍,這說明溫室內(nèi)土壤有鹽漬化的趨勢;表層土壤有效態(tài)鐵、錳、銅、鋅含量均有不同程度的累積現(xiàn)象,且有效鐵、銅、鋅的平均含量分別超出河北省溫室菜地地力指標(biāo)中所規(guī)定的豐富值0.65,3.3,3.8倍。2.番茄種植區(qū)常規(guī)施肥情況跟蹤調(diào)查表明,平均施氮量(N)為900 kg/hm2,施磷量(P2O5)為1020 kg/hm2,施鉀量(K2O)為1300 kg/hm2,其中化肥氮,磷,鉀占總養(yǎng)分的比例分別為40.1%、25.2%、35.2%;在該施肥條件下,番茄溫室土壤硝態(tài)氮淋失量為37.9-212 kg/hm2,平均為139 kg/hm2,氮素最大淋失量占最大氮素總投入量的20%,氮素平均淋失量占氮素平均總投入量的15.4%。3.通過田間微區(qū)試驗,研究了氮肥與硝化抑制劑雙氰胺配施對溫室番茄土壤氮淋失、氧化亞氮排放和氨揮發(fā)的影響。番茄溫室土壤淋溶液中硝態(tài)氮占總氮的96%以上,占絕對優(yōu)勢。這說明番茄溫室菜田土壤氮素淋失主要是土壤硝態(tài)氮的淋失。N2,N2+DCD處理土壤硝態(tài)氮淋失量比N1,N1+DCD處理硝態(tài)氮淋失量分別減少1.49%、44.3%,且推薦施氮配施DCD(N2+DCD)處理與常規(guī)施氮(N1)處理相比土壤氮素淋失降低了47.8%。這說明推薦氮肥用量可減少溫室番茄土壤中硝態(tài)氮的淋溶。番茄收獲后1 m土體中殘留硝態(tài)氮的結(jié)果顯示,N1+DCD的硝態(tài)氮累積量比N1的硝態(tài)氮累積量要低14.1%,對推薦氮肥處理(N2、N2+DCD)的硝態(tài)氮累積量進行比較,可以看出N2+DCD比N2要低15.8%,這表明,在施氮量相同的情況下,用DCD代替15%的純氮可以在一定程度上降低硝態(tài)氮的累積量。推薦施氮配施DCD(N2+DCD)處理較常規(guī)施氮(N1)處理1 m土體硝態(tài)氮的累積降低了37.6%。N1+DCD、N2+DCD處理與N1、N2處理相比,番茄產(chǎn)量分別增加20.2%和2.37%,氨揮發(fā)累積排放量分別降低16.16%和21.68%,氧化亞氮累計排放量分別降低44.42%和77.62,推薦施氮配施DCD處理在保持番茄穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的同時,顯著降低土壤N2O排放與氨揮發(fā)損失。綜合評價可知,在溫室番茄種植過程中,氮素用量減半且配施DCD(施氮量的15%用DCD替代)的處理(300 kg/hm2+15%DCD),較常規(guī)施氮(600 kg/hm2)處理1 m土體硝態(tài)氮的累積降低了37.6%,土壤氮素淋失降低了47.8%,土壤N2O累積排放量降低了93.0%,氨揮發(fā)累積量減少47.3%,節(jié)本增效1.54萬元/hm2,實現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟與環(huán)境效益的雙贏。
[Abstract]:At present, excessive nitrogen application in greenhouse vegetable fields is common, which causes nitrogen leaching, Nitrous Oxide emission and ammonia volatilization are serious, but there are few studies on the loss of nitrogen and pollution biochemical control in greenhouse tomatoes. The change regularity of physicochemical properties of tomato soil and nitrogen leaching of conventional fertilization in greenhouse tomato, and the changes of nitrate distribution in different layers of soil under different nitrogen and dicyandiamide treatments, Nitrous Oxide emission, ammonia volatilization and 0-100 cm different levels of soil nitrate nitrogen distribution were studied. The main results were the main results for reducing nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and preventing and controlling fertilizer pollution. The following characteristics are as follows: 1. this study first investigated the physical and chemical properties of greenhouse tomato soil in this area. The results showed that there was a certain correlation between the main nutrient indexes and years of greenhouse tomatoes in this area. Among them, the organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in the 0-20 cm surface soil have different cumulative trend with the annual limit of planting, and in the period of 1-9 years of greenhouse age. The annual increase of organic matter is 0.19%, the annual average increase of alkali hydrolysable nitrogen by 22.3 mg/kg, the annual increase of available phosphorus by 17.46 mg/kg, the increase of available potassium by 167 mg/kg, the range of alkali hydrolysable nitrogen is 112-311 mg/kg, and the content of soil available phosphorus is 3.7-290 mg/kg. soil P H value rising first and then increasing with the prolongation of planting years, and the average per year in the shelf age of 1-7 years. The annual decrease of 0.17, the average annual increase of 0.07, the maximum of 8.5, and the minimum of 7.4, the EC value of greenhouse tomato soil is 0.556 m S/cm, the average value of the outer space in the greenhouse is 0.199 m S/cm, and the greenhouse is 2.8 times in the greenhouse, which indicates that the soil in the greenhouse is salty, and the soil available iron, manganese, copper and zinc in the surface soil are all There were different degrees of accumulation, and the average content of the effective iron, copper and zinc exceeded the regular fertilization in the 0.65,3.3,3.8.2. tomato planting area of Hebei province. The average nitrogen rate (N) was 900 kg/hm2, the amount of phosphorus (P2O5) was 1020 kg/hm2, and the amount of potassium fertilizer (K2O) was 1300 kg/hm2, The proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the total fertilizer was 40.1%, 25.2%, 35.2%, respectively. Under this condition, the nitrate leaching loss of tomato greenhouse soil was 37.9-212 kg/hm2, average 139 kg/hm2, the maximum nitrogen leaching loss accounted for 20% of the maximum nitrogen total input, and the average nitrogen loss of nitrogen accounted for the average total input of nitrogen in the field micro area. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer and nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide on soil nitrogen leaching, Nitrous Oxide emission and ammonia volatilization in Greenhouse Tomato soil were studied. In tomato greenhouse soil spray, nitrate nitrogen accounted for more than 96% of total nitrogen, which accounted for the main advantage of soil nitrogen leaching loss of tomato greenhouse vegetable field was.N2, N2+DCD treatment of soil nitrate nitrogen. The leaching loss of soil nitrate nitrogen was less than that of N1 and N1+DCD treatment by 1.49%, 44.3% respectively, and the recommended nitrogen application DCD (N2+DCD) treatment and conventional nitrogen (N1) treatment decreased the soil nitrogen leaching loss 47.8%.. This suggested that the recommended nitrogen fertilizer amount could reduce the leaching of nitrate nitrogen in Greenhouse tomato soil. Residual nitrate in 1 m soil after tomato harvest. The results of state nitrogen show that the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in N1+DCD is 14.1% lower than that of N1. The comparison of nitrate accumulation in the recommended nitrogen treatment (N2, N2+DCD) can be seen that N2+DCD is 15.8% lower than N2. This shows that, under the same nitrogen application condition, the use of DCD instead of 15% can reduce the nitrate nitrogen to a certain extent. Compared with conventional nitrogen (N1) treatment, the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in 1 m soil was reduced by 37.6%.N1+DCD. Compared with N1, N2 treatment, the yield of tomato increased by 20.2% and 2.37%, and the cumulative emission of ammonia volatilization decreased by 16.16% and 21.68% respectively, and the cumulative emission of Nitrous Oxide decreased by 44.42% and 77.62, respectively, and recommended by the recommended application of nitrogen application (N1). Nitrogen application and DCD treatment could reduce soil N2O emission and ammonia volatilization loss significantly while maintaining tomato stable yield. Comprehensive evaluation showed that in greenhouse tomato planting process, the amount of nitrogen was reduced by half and treated with DCD (300 kg/hm2+15%DCD) with DCD (300 kg/hm2+15%DCD), and the cumulative drop of nitrate nitrogen in 1 m soil was compared with conventional nitrogen application (600 kg/hm2). As low as 37.6%, soil nitrogen leaching loss was reduced by 47.8%, the cumulative emission of soil N2O was reduced by 93%, the accumulation of ammonia was reduced by 47.3%, and the cost increased by 15 thousand and 400 yuan /hm2, which realized the win-win of economic and environmental benefits.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X712

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