本文選題：緩控尿素 + 土壤氮　； 參考：《吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：土壤氮素的豐缺是作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和產(chǎn)量形成最主要的限制因子之一,同時(shí)也對(duì)作物優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)起著重要作用。尿素是目前較理想的化學(xué)氮肥,含氮量高、污染小、適合多種不同類(lèi)型土壤和植物。然而由于普通尿素本身質(zhì)輕、易潮解、溶解快、肥效低等特點(diǎn),導(dǎo)致其養(yǎng)分極易損失。針對(duì)普通尿素的缺點(diǎn),本文通過(guò)對(duì)普通尿素進(jìn)行處理,制備三種不同粒級(jí)緩控尿素(自制緩控尿素HKN1、HKN2、HKN),并以?xún)煞N包膜尿素(改性玉米淀粉包膜尿素YMN、榕風(fēng)控釋配方肥料BMN)作對(duì)比,通過(guò)室內(nèi)淋溶試驗(yàn)、培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)等,驗(yàn)證緩控尿素的物理性質(zhì),養(yǎng)分釋放性能,對(duì)種子、幼苗影響。通過(guò)田間試驗(yàn)和盆栽試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證緩控尿素施入土壤后對(duì)土壤有機(jī)態(tài)氮,無(wú)機(jī)態(tài)氮以及作物生長(zhǎng)和春玉米、白菜產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的影響,等氮量條件下,結(jié)果如下:(1)HKN、YMN、BMN處理全氮總淋失量顯著小于普通尿素處理,銨態(tài)氮的淋失量也呈現(xiàn)相同的規(guī)律,而硝態(tài)氮和酰胺態(tài)氮淋失量則表現(xiàn)為普通尿素高于HKN、YMN、BMN處理;隨淋洗次數(shù)增加,各處理淋溶液的pH呈先上升后下降趨勢(shì),pH變化范圍在5.89~8.68之間;EC大體呈下降趨勢(shì),變化范圍是0.16~3.70 mS.cm-1,在第五次淋洗后其值變化很小,逐漸趨于穩(wěn)定;培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,HKN、YMN、BMN處理施入土壤后氨揮發(fā)積累量顯著小于普通尿素處理,氨揮發(fā)速率大小為CGNYMNHKNBMN,各處理以HKN和BMN處理效果較好。(2)不同生育時(shí)期HKN、YMN、CGN(市售普通小顆粒尿素)處理土壤硝態(tài)氮、銨態(tài)氮含量大體呈下降趨勢(shì),而B(niǎo)MN處理硝態(tài)氮含量是增高的,銨態(tài)氮含量則是先下降后上升;不同生育時(shí)期緩控尿素處理土壤酰胺態(tài)氮含量明顯高于普通尿素和空白處理,成熟期時(shí)以HKN、BMN處理表現(xiàn)最優(yōu)。微生物量氮變化規(guī)律與酰胺態(tài)氮相似,BMN處理含量最高,HKN次之,這表明緩控尿素氮素釋放速度緩慢,在成熟期時(shí)仍有較多的殘留氮素供微生物利用;從抽雄期到成熟期土壤堿解氮含量大體呈下降趨勢(shì),但緩控尿素處理下降幅度較慢。全氮變化趨勢(shì)與堿解氮相似,BMN處理在成熟期時(shí)要高于灌漿期。三個(gè)不同生育時(shí)期均以BMN、HKN處理含量最高,表明其緩控性能很好。盆栽試驗(yàn)中隨著生育期推進(jìn),土壤硝態(tài)氮含量大體呈下降趨勢(shì),緩控尿素處理下降幅度要小于普通尿素和空白處理。銨態(tài)氮含量從幼苗期到收獲期呈“V”型變化趨勢(shì)。與普通尿素和CK比,緩控尿素土壤全氮含量變化幅度較小,在收獲期HKN1和HKN2處理出現(xiàn)小幅增高現(xiàn)象。(3)不同生育時(shí)期土壤酸解總氮大體呈先下降后上升的趨勢(shì),所占全氮比例呈下降趨勢(shì),而非酸解氮?jiǎng)t與其相反。與CK(不施肥)比,施肥處理酸解總氮含量顯著增高,且緩控尿素處理要優(yōu)于普通尿素處理。施氮處理中緩控尿素和包膜尿素處理有機(jī)氮組分含量整體高于普通尿素處理,所占全氮比例則無(wú)明顯的規(guī)律性。不同機(jī)氮組分含量為:酸解未知氮氨態(tài)氮氨基酸氮氨基糖氮。施氮處理的土壤氨態(tài)氮、氨基酸氮、酸解未知氮以及非酸解氮的含量均高于CK處理,而氨基糖氮?jiǎng)t無(wú)此規(guī)律性。與對(duì)照比,不同緩控尿素對(duì)土壤有機(jī)氮組分含量影響顯著,能夠提高總有機(jī)氮含量。(4)不同緩控尿素對(duì)春玉米種子發(fā)芽和幼苗生長(zhǎng)均沒(méi)有明顯的影響。而追肥后對(duì)春玉米株高、穗部性狀、中期根冠比、籽粒產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)及養(yǎng)分含量均有不同程度的影響。追施不同緩控尿素后,株高產(chǎn)生明顯差異,穗部性狀較CK均有一定量的增加,且降低中期根冠比。緩控尿素(HKN)處理籽粒產(chǎn)量最高,各處理籽粒產(chǎn)量較CK處理分別增加了12.74%,12.14%,8.03%,9.52%,籽粒中淀粉、粗蛋白含量較CK均有所增加,這表明緩控尿素提高了春玉米籽粒品質(zhì)。與CK比緩控尿素的施入促進(jìn)了籽粒對(duì)磷、鉀元素的吸收。因此,自制緩控尿素提高了春玉米產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)。高產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)表明自制緩控尿素具有較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)性,具備推廣可行性。(5)與普通尿素比,緩控尿素的施用提高了白菜單株產(chǎn)量,其中以HKN1、HKN2、BMN處理重量表現(xiàn)最優(yōu),各處理白菜單株質(zhì)量高低順序?yàn)?HKN2HKN1BMNHKNYMNCGNCK。降低了葉片硝態(tài)氮的含量,降幅為29.71%~50.95%。施用緩控尿素提高了白菜葉片中全氮、全磷、全鉀的含量,其中以HKN2處理整體表現(xiàn)最佳。同時(shí),施用緩控尿素的白菜品質(zhì)指標(biāo)要高于CGN(普通尿素)處理,即施用緩控尿素較普通尿素比提高了白菜葉片還原糖,糖酸比和Vc的含量,降低有機(jī)酸百分含量,提高白菜品質(zhì)。
[Abstract]:The abundance of soil nitrogen is one of the most important limiting factors for crop growth and yield formation, and it also plays an important role in high quality and high yield of crops. Urea is the ideal chemical nitrogen fertilizer at present. It has high nitrogen content and small pollution. It is suitable for various types of soil and plants. However, the common urea itself is light, easy to tide and dissolve quickly. Low fertilizer and low efficiency, resulting in its very easy loss of nutrients. Aiming at the shortcomings of ordinary urea, this paper prepared three kinds of different grain level urea (self-made slow controlled urea HKN1, HKN2, HKN) by treatment of ordinary urea, and compared with two kinds of coated urea (modified corn starch coated urine YMN, banyan wind controlled release formula fertilizer BMN) and through indoor drenching. The results were as follows: (1) HKN (1) HKN. The effects of slow controlled urea on soil organic nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, crop growth and spring maize, yield and quality of spring corn, and the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage were tested by field test and pot experiment. The total nitrogen leaching loss of YMN and BMN was significantly less than that of ordinary urea treatment, and the leaching amount of ammonium nitrogen also showed the same rule, while the nitrate and amide nitrogen leaching loss was higher than that of HKN, YMN, BMN treatment. With the increase of the number of leaching, the pH of the leaching solution increased first and then decreased, and the pH range was between 5.89~8.68. EC showed a downward trend, and the range of change was 0.16~3.70 mS.cm-1. After fifth leaching, its value changed little and gradually stabilized. The result of culture test showed that the ammonia volatilization accumulation of HKN, YMN, BMN treatment was significantly smaller than that of ordinary urea treatment, and the ammonia volatilization rate was CGNYMNHKNBMN, and the treatment with HKN and BMN was better. (2) HKN, YMN, CGN (commercially available small granular urea) treatment of soil nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen content generally declined, while BMN treatment of nitrate nitrogen content was increased, ammonium nitrogen content was first decreased and then increased; the content of amide nitrogen in soil of slow controlled urea at different growth stages was significantly higher than that of ordinary urea and blank treatment. In the mature period, the performance of HKN and BMN was the best. The variation of microbial biomass nitrogen was similar to that of amido nitrogen. The content of BMN treatment was the highest and HKN was the highest. This indicates that the release rate of nitrogen in the slow controlled urea is slow, and there are still more residual nitrogen for the use of microorganisms at the mature stage. However, the slow control urea treatment decreased slowly. The change trend of total nitrogen was similar to that of alkali hydrolysable nitrogen. BMN treatment was higher than the filling stage at maturity. The three different growth periods were BMN, HKN was the highest, indicating that its inhibition performance was very good. The decrease was less than ordinary urea and blank treatment. The content of ammonium nitrogen showed a "V" trend from seedling to harvest period. Compared with ordinary urea and CK, the total nitrogen content of soil in slowly controlled urea soil changed slightly, and HKN1 and HKN2 in the harvest period increased slightly. (3) the total nitrogen of soil acidolysis at different growth stages was in the first place. The proportion of total nitrogen decreased, but that of non acid nitrogen was the opposite. Compared with CK (no fertilizer), the content of total nitrogen in the treatment was significantly higher, and the treatment of slowly controlled urea was better than that of ordinary urea treatment. The content of organic nitrogen components in treatment of urea and coated urea in nitrogen treatment was higher than that of ordinary urea treatment. The content of the total nitrogen was no obvious regularity. The content of nitrogen and nitrogen amino acid nitrogen, amino nitrogen, amino acid nitrogen, acid nitrogen, acid hydrolysable nitrogen and non acid nitrogen were higher than that of CK treatment, while amino sugar and nitrogen had no regularity. The content of organic nitrogen is significant and can improve the total organic nitrogen content. (4) different slow controlled urea has no obvious influence on the germination and seedling growth of spring maize, and the effect on spring maize plant height, ear character, mid-term root and crown ratio, grain yield, quality and nutrient content have different degrees. There was a significant difference in plant height, the ear characters were increased to a certain amount, and the ratio of medium to root and crown was reduced by CK. The yield of HKN was highest. The grain yield of each treatment increased by 12.74%, 12.14%, 8.03%, 9.52% respectively. The content of starch and crude protein in grain increased as compared with that of CK, which indicated that the slow controlled urea increased spring corn. Grain quality. The application of slow controlled urea to CK promoted the absorption of phosphorus and potassium. Therefore, self controlled urea improved the yield, quality and high yield of spring maize. The quality showed that the self-made urea had better economy and had the feasibility to popularize. (5) the application of slow controlled urea and the application of slow controlled urea improved the yield of single plant in Chinese cabbage. The weight performance of HKN1, HKN2 and BMN was the best. The order of individual plant quality in each treatment was as follows: HKN2HKN1BMNHKNYMNCGNCK. reduced the content of nitrate nitrogen in leaves and reduced the content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in leaves of cabbage with slow controlled urea 29.71%~50.95%., in which the overall performance of HKN2 treatment was the best. At the same time, application of slow control was applied. The quality index of urea in Chinese cabbage is higher than that of CGN (ordinary urea), that is to say, the application of slow controlled urea to the common urea ratio improves the reducing sugar, the ratio of sugar and acid and the content of Vc, the content of organic acid and the quality of Chinese cabbage.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S143.14

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