發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-06 08:13

  本文選題：中性紫色土 + 長(zhǎng)期施肥　； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：廣布于四川盆地的紫色土,尤其是中性紫色土是一類養(yǎng)分含量豐富、適種作物廣的一種特色土地資源,但幾十年以來(lái)由于施肥和耕作等人為影響導(dǎo)致中性紫色土肥力出現(xiàn)不同程度的下降。因此,系統(tǒng)分析長(zhǎng)期不同施肥對(duì)中性紫色土綜合肥力的影響,闡明不同施肥措施對(duì)土壤肥力指標(biāo)及綜合肥力的演變規(guī)律,將有助于作物施肥管理和土壤培肥,為紫色土區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供科學(xué)依據(jù)和技術(shù)支撐。本文基于重慶國(guó)家紫色土肥力與肥料效益監(jiān)測(cè)站的長(zhǎng)期定位施肥試驗(yàn),分析測(cè)定了代表性年份的主要土壤肥力指標(biāo),結(jié)合土壤養(yǎng)分平衡和作物產(chǎn)量,描述了中性紫色土長(zhǎng)期不同施肥下的肥力演變,并對(duì)土壤綜合肥力及可持續(xù)性進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià)。結(jié)果表明：(1)中性紫色土是我國(guó)肥力相對(duì)較高的一類土壤,20多年不施肥仍然能獲得4.9t/hm2的基礎(chǔ)地力產(chǎn)量(其中水稻為3.6t/hm2、小麥為1.3t/hm2)。長(zhǎng)期施用NPK化肥、及其與有機(jī)肥配合施用土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)和氮素肥力提高、磷有效性提高,稻麥持續(xù)高產(chǎn),能維持中性紫色土生產(chǎn)力和土壤肥力。氮磷鉀不均衡施用尤其是缺氮或少磷,稻麥產(chǎn)量和化肥肥效逐年降低,土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)下降,紫色土壤供應(yīng)氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分的能力逐年降低。(2)施用氮肥是稻麥高產(chǎn)的重要因素,但是氮肥不能連年單獨(dú)施用。單施氮肥,其肥效和利用率均逐年下降；氮肥與磷鉀肥配施,氮肥肥效穩(wěn)定,水稻氮肥利用率20年平均為37%,小麥平均為35%。NPK以及NPK與有機(jī)肥配合施用減少了氮素?fù)p失,提高了稻麥氮肥的利用率。中性紫色土土壤氮平衡與氮肥施用量明顯相關(guān),卻與土壤全氮或堿解氮關(guān)系不大,說(shuō)明紫色土較難固持氮素,在氮素管理中應(yīng)予以重視。(3)在水旱輪作下,20年稻麥輪作對(duì)磷肥的累積回收率為32%,即每投入100kg磷肥,累計(jì)被作物吸收32kg；磷素盈余量占68%。磷素盈余導(dǎo)致土壤有效磷急劇增加,每盈余100kg磷素,土壤有效磷增加2.3mg/kg。從目前施磷處理土壤有效磷的累積、磷素表觀平衡和作物需求角度分析,稻麥磷肥管理可以采用維持性施用磷肥(即施磷量為作物磷帶走量)。(4)與試驗(yàn)前相比,無(wú)論施鉀與否紫色土全鉀含量有降低的趨勢(shì)；從鉀素的收支平衡來(lái)看,除秸稈處理(S)、秸稈還田配施NPK (NPKS、(NPK)1.5S)的鉀素有盈余外,其余處理鉀素都虧缺。長(zhǎng)期不施鉀肥導(dǎo)致作物產(chǎn)量降低,施鉀對(duì)產(chǎn)量的貢獻(xiàn)率從第一個(gè)10年的7%,增加第二個(gè)10年的12%。從穩(wěn)定作物產(chǎn)量和維持土壤鉀肥力的角度而言,年度鉀肥(K20)施用量應(yīng)維持282kg/hm2。在我國(guó)鉀資源貧乏的情況下,秸稈還田是減少土壤鉀素虧缺和維持土壤鉀素肥力的重要措施。(5)20年的稻麥耕種中,土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)在耕層保持或略有提高,但導(dǎo)致了亞耕層(20-40cm)有機(jī)質(zhì)的耗竭,有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)配施或秸稈還田能減緩這一趨勢(shì)。亞耕層土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的減少可能與淺耕、肥料淺施導(dǎo)致有機(jī)物料輸入減少有關(guān)。因此,需要通過(guò)深耕深施或與深根作物輪作等措施維持或提高亞耕層土壤肥力,以維持紫色土生產(chǎn)力可持續(xù)性。(6)長(zhǎng)期秸稈還田與化肥配施,具有明顯的培肥增產(chǎn)效應(yīng)。秸稈還田提高了土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)和氮含量、維持了土壤鉀素供應(yīng)。長(zhǎng)期秸稈還田與化肥配施在20年間獲得了最高的稻麥產(chǎn)量,與單施化肥相比,水稻平均增產(chǎn)6%、小麥平均增產(chǎn)2%。(7)中性紫色土酸化嚴(yán)重,無(wú)論化肥配施或有機(jī)肥配施,土壤都出現(xiàn)了酸化,土壤pH值下降速率每年高達(dá)0.1個(gè)單位((NPK)clS處理)；尤為嚴(yán)重的是,土壤酸化導(dǎo)致土壤一些重金屬元素的有效性增強(qiáng),20年間土壤有效鋅含量增加一倍,有效重金屬鉛、鎘含量增加明顯。對(duì)于川、渝廣大的紫色土區(qū)而言,除提高空氣質(zhì)量,減少酸沉降外,在農(nóng)業(yè)措施方面應(yīng)適量施用白云石、石灰等酸性土壤改良劑以阻控土壤酸化的趨勢(shì)。(8)不同施肥對(duì)中性紫色土綜合肥力影響顯著。在初始10年,施肥明顯提高了土壤綜合肥力指數(shù)(IFI),但后10年不均衡施肥尤其是不施磷肥導(dǎo)致IFI明顯降低,而秸稈還田配施NPK肥能維持甚至提高土壤肥力指數(shù)。耕作10年或耕作20年后土壤肥力指數(shù)與稻、麥及周年產(chǎn)量存在正相關(guān),表明土壤肥力指數(shù)能一定程度上反映土壤綜合肥力的變化。
[Abstract]:Purple soil widely distributed in the Sichuan basin, especially the neutral purple soil, is a kind of characteristic land resources with rich nutrient content and wide variety of seed crops. However, because of the influence of fertilization and tillage, the fertility of neutral purple soil has been reduced to varying degrees in different degrees for decades. Therefore, the comprehensive analysis of long-term Different Fertilization on neutral purple soil has been systematically analyzed. The influence of fertility, clarifying the evolution of soil fertility index and comprehensive fertility by different fertilization measures will be helpful to crop fertilization management and soil fertilization, and provide scientific basis and technical support for the sustainable development of agriculture in purple soil area. Based on the long-term positioning fertilization test of Chongqing National Purple Soil Fertility and fertilizer efficiency monitoring station The main soil fertility index of the representative year was analyzed and analyzed. Combining soil nutrient balance and crop yield, the fertility evolution of neutral purple soil under long-term fertilization was described, and the comprehensive fertility and sustainability of the soil were evaluated. The results showed that (1) neutral purple soil was a kind of soil with relatively high fertility in China, more than 20 No fertilization can still obtain the basic productivity of 4.9t/hm2 (of which rice is 3.6t/hm2, wheat is 1.3t/hm2). Long-term application of NPK fertilizer, and the increase of soil organic matter and nitrogen fertiliser with organic manure, increase of phosphorus availability, continuous high yield of rice and wheat, maintenance of medium purple soil productivity and soil fertility, and unbalance application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. In particular, the yield of rice and wheat and fertilizer efficiency decreased year by year, soil organic matter decreased, and the ability to supply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in purple soil decreased year by year. (2) nitrogen fertilizer was an important factor for high yield of rice and wheat, but nitrogen fertilizer could not be applied alone for years. The fertilizer efficiency and utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer were decreased year by year; nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus potassium were reduced. The fertilizer efficiency was stable and the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate of rice was 37% in 20 years. The average of 35%.NPK and the combination of NPK and organic fertilizer decreased the nitrogen loss and increased the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. It is difficult to hold nitrogen and attach importance to nitrogen management. (3) under the water and drought rotation, the cumulative recovery rate of 20 year rice wheat rotation to phosphate fertilizer is 32%, that is, each input 100kg phosphate fertilizer is absorbed by the crop 32kg, and the surplus of phosphorus to 68%. phosphorus surplus leads to the rapid increase of effective phosphorus in the soil, the per surplus 100kg phosphorus, and the increase of 2.3mg/kg. in the soil available phosphorus. From the current accumulation of available phosphorus in soil, apparent balance of phosphorus and the angle of crop demand, the management of rice and wheat phosphate fertilizer can be maintained by the maintenance of phosphate fertilizer (i.e. the amount of phosphorus as the crop to take away the amount of phosphorus). (4) the total potassium content of the purple soil is lower than that before the test. Culm treatment (S), straw returning with NPK (NPKS, (NPK) 1.5S) of potassium has surplus, and the rest of the potash are deficient. Long-term non potash fertilizer leads to the decrease of crop yield. The contribution rate of potassium fertilizer to yield is from 7% in the first 10 years, and the annual potassium fertilizer (K20) is increased by second 10 year 12%. from the angle of stable yield and the maintenance of Soil Potassium Fertility. The application amount should maintain 282kg/hm2. in the case of poor potassium resources in China. Straw returning is an important measure to reduce soil potassium deficiency and maintain soil potassium fertility. (5) in 20 years of rice and wheat cultivation, soil organic matter is maintained or improved slightly in the plough layer, but it leads to the depletion of the organic matter in the subtilling layer (20-40cm), organic inorganic application or straw return. The decrease of soil organic matter in the subsoil may be related to the reduction of organic material input by shallow plowing and shallow fertilizer application. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain or improve the soil fertility of the subsoil by deep ploughing or deep root crop rotation to maintain the sustainability of the purple soil. (6) long term straw returning and fertilizer matching. The straw returned to the field improved the soil organic matter and nitrogen content and maintained the soil potassium supply. Long term straw returning and fertilizer application had the highest yield of rice and wheat during the 20 years. Compared with the single fertilizer, the average yield of rice increased by 6%, and the average yield of wheat increased by 2%. (7), no matter fertilizer. The soil has acidification and the soil pH value decline rate is up to 0.1 units (NPK) clS treatment each year. The soil acidification is especially serious, the soil acidification leads to the increase of some heavy metals in soil, the soil effective zinc content doubles in 20 years, the effective heavy metal lead, the cadmium content increase obviously. For Sichuan, Chongqing Guangzhou In the large purple soil area, in addition to improving the air quality and reducing the acid settlement, the application of dolomite, lime and other acid soil amelioration agents to prevent soil acidification should be applied to agricultural measures. (8) the effect of different fertilization on the comprehensive fertility of neutral purple soil was significant. In the initial 10 years, fertilization significantly improved the soil comprehensive fertility index (IFI). However, in the last 10 years, unbalanced fertilization, especially without phosphate fertilizer, significantly reduced IFI, while straw returning with NPK fertilizer could maintain or even increase soil fertility index. After 10 years of cultivation or 20 years of cultivation, soil fertility index was positively correlated with rice, wheat and annual yield, indicating that soil fertility index could reflect the change of soil comprehensive fertility to a certain extent.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S158

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