發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-04 15:09

  本文選題：有機(jī)替代 + 滴灌棉田��； 參考：《石河子大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：【目的】隨著“水肥一體化”施肥理念在北疆地區(qū)的推廣應(yīng)用,大面積施用水溶性化肥,輕施或不施有機(jī)肥的現(xiàn)象異常嚴(yán)峻,加之棉花長(zhǎng)期單一連作的栽培模式,致使綠洲棉田土壤耕性與生物活性下降、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量低等問(wèn)題發(fā)生。本論文基于連續(xù)4年滴灌連作棉田有機(jī)替代,即減氮配施有機(jī)肥定位試驗(yàn),研究了減少常規(guī)氮肥用量20%、40%,分別配施3000-6000 kg·hm-2有機(jī)肥背景下,土壤物理、化學(xué)、酶活性及生物特性的變化,探尋驅(qū)動(dòng)土壤酶活性和微生物多樣性變化的環(huán)境因子,闡明減氮配施有機(jī)肥調(diào)控北疆連作棉田土壤生物學(xué)性狀的機(jī)制,以期為構(gòu)建良好土壤結(jié)構(gòu)、提升耕層肥力及維護(hù)連作棉田土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能提供技術(shù)支撐。根據(jù)國(guó)家對(duì)化肥施用“減量替代”、“提質(zhì)增效”的方針政策,結(jié)合北疆棉花產(chǎn)業(yè)滴灌連作、長(zhǎng)期單一施用化學(xué)氮肥這一背景,建立“因時(shí)因需因地制宜”的施肥管理策略�！痉椒ā勘狙芯块_(kāi)展于5年(2011-2015y)大田定位施肥試驗(yàn)的第4年(2014y),探討了減氮配施普通有機(jī)肥或生物有機(jī)肥條件下,連作棉田土壤理化特性、酶活性、致病菌及拮抗菌多樣性的變化及驅(qū)動(dòng)微生物多樣性變化的關(guān)鍵因子。1.通過(guò)傳統(tǒng)平板培養(yǎng)法,結(jié)合土壤酶學(xué)及實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量(q-PCR)手段闡明連作棉田土壤生物性質(zhì)對(duì)不同施肥處理的響應(yīng)規(guī)律。2.運(yùn)用雷達(dá)圖綜合評(píng)價(jià)法、聚類(lèi)分析、主成分PCA分析及冗余RDA分析來(lái)系統(tǒng)揭示土壤理化因子與土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)多樣性的關(guān)系�！局饕Y(jié)果】1.較單施化肥CF處理,減少化學(xué)氮肥用量配施不同比例有機(jī)肥提高了田間持水量,增幅為16.5%~33.3%。配施有機(jī)肥與CK相比,增加了土壤大團(tuán)聚體粒級(jí),0.25mm水穩(wěn)性團(tuán)聚體在80%CF+OF、60%CF+OF處理分別比CK處理增加7.1%和8.0%;在80%CF+BF、60%CF+BF處理則分別提高8.9%和12.3%。2.有機(jī)替代的各處理均提高了土壤氮含量,以高量(6000 kg·hm-2)配施生物有機(jī)肥處理最顯著(P0.05)。相較CF,配施有機(jī)肥各處理的SOC、DOC分別提高了8.1%~22.2%、12.7%~21.4%;80%CF+OF、60%CF+OF、80%CF+BF和60%CF+BF處理的活性有機(jī)碳含量比CF分別增加1.7%、5.3%、8.0%和13.5%。各有機(jī)肥處理也顯著提高了土壤磷、鉀含量(P0.05)。3.棉花鈴期、吐絮期結(jié)果均表明,在滴灌棉田連續(xù)4年有機(jī)替代施肥后,土壤營(yíng)養(yǎng)酶活性,如脲酶、蛋白酶、堿性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、β-葡糖苷酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性均顯著提高(P0.05)。同時(shí),配施有機(jī)肥處理明顯增加了微生物量碳、氮含量,降低土壤微生物量碳氮比MBC/MBN。兩個(gè)時(shí)期的施肥處理均顯著提高土壤基礎(chǔ)呼吸(P0.05),相較CK處理,施肥處理的土壤基礎(chǔ)呼吸分別增加了23.2%~95.2%和13.7%~40.0%。4.土壤防御酶活性,過(guò)氧化氫酶(CAT)、過(guò)氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)及熒光素二乙酸酯酶(FDA),在各處理中表現(xiàn)為配施生物有機(jī)肥(BF)配施普通有機(jī)肥(OF)單施化肥(CF)對(duì)照(CK)。平板培養(yǎng)法和q-PCR兩種方法所得結(jié)果均表明,枯草芽孢桿菌、木霉和假單胞桿菌種群數(shù)量在60%CF+BF處理最高;相比OF、CF和CK處理,土壤芽孢桿菌豐度在BF處理,分別增加了4.6%、5.8%和50.0%。此外,生物有機(jī)肥替代化肥處理明顯降低了土壤鐮刀菌和大麗輪枝菌數(shù)量。5.在連續(xù)4年減氮增碳施肥環(huán)境下,土壤團(tuán)聚體穩(wěn)定性和土壤生物學(xué)特征相互影響。土壤不穩(wěn)定團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu)(ELT)與土壤總有機(jī)碳(SOC)、基礎(chǔ)呼吸表現(xiàn)出顯著負(fù)相關(guān)性(P0.05);SOC和MBC/MBN呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),但與土壤基礎(chǔ)呼吸、蔗糖酶呈極顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系(P0.05)。蒙特卡羅Monte Carlo檢驗(yàn)顯示,WR0.25的解釋量為43.4%(F=12.2,P=0.002),相比PAD、WMD及ELT對(duì)不同施肥的響應(yīng)更敏感。冗余分析結(jié)果顯示,CK處理與鐮刀菌數(shù)量為正相關(guān),CF處理和大麗輪枝菌數(shù)量為正相關(guān),枯草芽孢桿菌、木霉、假單胞桿菌群落數(shù)量和POD,FDA,PPO及CAT活性呈密切正相關(guān)。土壤有效磷(AP)和有機(jī)碳(SOC)是引起土壤芽孢桿菌、木霉及假單胞桿菌豐度變化的驅(qū)動(dòng)因子�！窘Y(jié)論】1.減氮20%、40%,以3000 kg·hm-2或6000 kg·hm-2普通有機(jī)肥、生物有機(jī)肥替代,相比長(zhǎng)期單施化肥,均顯著提高了土壤碳、氮、磷和鉀等含量。2.滴灌棉田配施有機(jī)肥,有效提高土壤基礎(chǔ)呼吸、微生物商及營(yíng)養(yǎng)酶、抗逆酶活性等土壤生物學(xué)特性,其效果隨有機(jī)肥替代量的增加而越發(fā)明顯,生物有機(jī)肥的提升效果優(yōu)于普通有機(jī)肥,棉花鈴期和吐絮期兩個(gè)生育期的結(jié)果具有良好的協(xié)同性。3.生物有機(jī)肥對(duì)土壤致病菌,即鐮刀菌和大麗輪枝菌有明顯抑制作用,土壤容重和p H是影響其豐度變化的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)因子;土壤有效磷、有機(jī)碳是引起土壤拮抗菌,即枯草芽孢桿菌、木霉及假單胞桿菌多樣性變化的關(guān)鍵因子。在減氮增碳施肥條件下以有機(jī)質(zhì)提升為核心,土壤有機(jī)碳、生物學(xué)性質(zhì)及團(tuán)聚體穩(wěn)定性緊密相關(guān),土壤結(jié)構(gòu)體和生物學(xué)特征得到協(xié)同改善。
[Abstract]:[Objective] with the popularization and application of the concept of "integration of water and fertilizer" in Northern Xinjiang, the phenomenon of large area application of water-soluble chemical fertilizer, light or non application of organic manure is very severe, and the long-term single continuous cropping pattern of cotton has resulted in the decline of soil tillage and biological viability and low organic matter content in oasis cotton fields. Based on the organic manure substitution of continuous cropping continuous cropping cotton field for 4 years, that is, nitrogen reduction and application organic fertilizer location test, the changes of soil physical, chemical, enzyme activity and biological characteristics were studied under the background of reducing the amount of conventional nitrogen fertilizer 20%, 40% and applying 3000-6000 kg. Hm-2 organic manure respectively, and the environmental factors that drive the soil enzyme activity and the diversity of microbial diversity were explored. In order to provide technical support for building a good soil structure, raising the fertility of the plough layer and maintaining the service function of the soil ecosystem in continuous cropping cotton fields, the principle and policy of "reducing the quantity for the generation" and "improving the quality and increasing the efficiency" in the north of the country The drip irrigation continuous cropping system in Xinjiang cotton industry, with a long-term single application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer, established the fertilization management strategy. [Methods] the study was carried out for fourth years (2014y) of the 5 year (2011-2015y) field fertilization test (2014y), and the soil soil under the conditions of nitrogen reduction and application of organic manure or bio organic fertilizer was studied. Changes in physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, pathogenic bacteria and antagonistic diversity and key factors driving diversity of microbial diversity.1. through traditional plate culture method, combining soil enzymology and real-time fluorescence quantitative (q-PCR) means to clarify the response of soil biological properties of continuous cropping cotton fields to different fertilization treatments.2. application radar map comprehensive evaluation method, Cluster analysis, principal component PCA analysis and redundant RDA analysis were used to systematically reveal the relationship between soil physical and chemical factors and soil microbial community structure diversity. [main results] 1. compared with single fertilizer CF treatment, reducing the amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizer and applying different proportions of organic manure to increase the field water holding capacity, the increase of the increase of 16.5%~33.3%. combined with organic fertilizer compared with CK, Increased soil aggregate particle size, 0.25mm water stable aggregate in 80%CF+OF, 60%CF+OF treatment increased by 7.1% and 8% compared with CK treatment, respectively, in 80%CF+BF, 60%CF+BF treatment increased 8.9% and 12.3%.2. organic replacement respectively to improve the soil nitrogen content, with high (6000 kg. Hm-2) with biological organic fertilizer treatment most significant (P0.05). Compared with CF, SOC, DOC, 8.1%~22.2%, 12.7%~21.4%; 80%CF+OF, 60%CF+OF, 80%CF+BF and 60%CF+BF respectively increased the content of active organic carbon by 1.7%, 5.3%, 8% and 13.5%. organic manures increased soil phosphorus, potassium content (P0.05) and cotton boll period, and the results of drip irrigation showed that in drip irrigation, the results of drip irrigation were all shown in drip irrigation. After 4 years of organic substitution, the activity of soil nutrient enzyme, such as urease, protease, alkaline phosphatase, invertase, beta glucosidase and aryl sulfonesterase, increased significantly (P0.05). At the same time, the treatment of organic manure increased microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen content, and reduced soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen ratio in the two period of two periods. Soil basal respiration (P0.05) was significantly increased by fertilizer treatment. Compared with CK treatment, soil basal respiration was increased by 23.2%~95.2% and 13.7%~40.0%.4., respectively, and catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and fluorescein two acetate esterase (FDA), respectively. Machine fertilizer (BF) was matched with common organic fertilizer (OF) single fertilizer (CF) control (CK). The results of two methods of flat culture and q-PCR showed that the population of Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the highest in 60%CF+BF; compared with OF, CF and CK, the abundance of Bacillus in soil increased by 4.6%, 5.8% and 50.0%., respectively. Under the environment of 4 years of continuous nitrogen reduction and carbon fertilization, soil aggregate stability and soil biological characteristics were influenced by bio organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer treatment. Soil unstable aggregate structure (ELT) and soil total organic carbon (SOC) and basal respiration showed significant negative correlation (P0.05), S (S); S OC and MBC/MBN had a very significant negative correlation, but had a very significant positive correlation with soil basal respiration and sucrase (P0.05). The Monte Carlo Monte Carlo test showed that WR0.25 was 43.4% (F=12.2, P=0.002), and WMD and ELT were more sensitive to the response to different fertilizers than PAD. CF treatment was positively correlated with the number of Dali clad, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma, Pseudomonas aeruginosa communities were closely related to the activity of POD, FDA, PPO and CAT. Soil available phosphorus (AP) and organic carbon (SOC) were the driving factors causing the abundance changes of Bacillus, Trichoderma and Pseudomonas. [Conclusion] 1. reduction of nitrogen was 20%, 40%, and 3000 kg. Hm-2 or 6000 kg / hm-2 common organic manure, bio organic fertilizer replacement, compared with long-term single fertilizer application, significantly increased soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content.2. drip irrigation with organic fertilizer, effectively improving soil basic respiration, microbial business and nutrient enzyme, anti reverse enzyme activity and other soil biological characteristics, the effect of the organic fertilizer is increased with the increase of organic manure. More obvious, the improvement effect of bio organic fertilizer is better than that of ordinary organic fertilizer. The results of two growth stages in Cotton Boll and spit period have good synergistic effect,.3. biological organic fertilizer has obvious inhibition effect on soil pathogenic bacteria, namely Fusarium and Dahlia, and soil bulk density and P H are the main driving factors affecting its abundance change. Available phosphorus, organic carbon (organic carbon) is the key factor that causes the diversity of Soil Antagonistic Bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma and Pseudomonas. In the condition of nitrogen reduction and carbon fertilization, organic matter is promoted to the core, soil organic carbon, biological properties and aggregate stability are closely related, soil structure and biological characteristics have been improved synergistically.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：石河子大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S562;S154

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 趙亞南;柴冠群;張珍珍;謝軍;李丹萍;張躍強(qiáng);石孝均;;稻麥輪作下紫色土有機(jī)碳活性及其對(duì)長(zhǎng)期不同施肥的響應(yīng)[J];中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué);2016年22期

2 馬小艷;熊仁次;張西嶺;李付廣;;我國(guó)首個(gè)棉花科學(xué)學(xué)院,產(chǎn)學(xué)研結(jié)合的典范[J];中國(guó)棉花;2016年03期

3 王文鋒;李春花;黃紹文;高偉;唐繼偉;;不同施肥模式對(duì)設(shè)施秋冬茬芹菜生育期間土壤酶活性的影響[J];植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報(bào);2016年03期

4 蔡祖聰;黃新琦;;土壤學(xué)不應(yīng)忽視對(duì)作物土傳病原微生物的研究[J];土壤學(xué)報(bào);2016年02期

5 陳安強(qiáng);付斌;魯耀;段宗顏;胡萬(wàn)里;;有機(jī)物料輸入稻田提高土壤微生物碳氮及可溶性有機(jī)碳氮[J];農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào);2015年21期

6 趙占輝;張叢志;蔡太義;劉昌華;張佳寶;;不同穩(wěn)定性有機(jī)物料對(duì)砂姜黑土理化性質(zhì)及玉米產(chǎn)量的影響[J];中國(guó)生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào);2015年10期

7 郝小雨;周寶庫(kù);馬星竹;高中超;;長(zhǎng)期不同施肥措施下黑土作物產(chǎn)量與養(yǎng)分平衡特征[J];農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào);2015年16期

8 鄭學(xué)博;樊劍波;周靜;;沼液還田對(duì)旱地紅壤有機(jī)質(zhì)及團(tuán)聚體特征的影響[J];中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué);2015年16期

9 潘根興;陸海飛;李戀卿;鄭聚鋒;張旭輝;程琨;劉曉雨;卞榮軍;鄭金偉;;土壤碳固定與生物活性:面向可持續(xù)土壤管理的新前沿[J];地球科學(xué)進(jìn)展;2015年08期

10 何閃英;李阿南;王雷;;污泥及其混合堆肥對(duì)番茄土壤性質(zhì)和N_2O排放的影響[J];農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào);2015年15期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 魯艷紅;長(zhǎng)期施肥條件下紅壤性水稻土有機(jī)質(zhì)特征及其與土壤質(zhì)量的關(guān)系[D];湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2011年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 李騰;不同有機(jī)物料對(duì)潮土團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu)形成和生物學(xué)特性變化的影響[D];河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2014年

2 焦治芳;長(zhǎng)期施肥對(duì)黃土高原小麥農(nóng)田土壤酶活性的影響[D];蘭州大學(xué);2010年

，

本文編號(hào)：1843461