本文選題：輪作模式 + 微生物多樣性�。� 參考：《甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：連作障礙的形成因素十分復(fù)雜,不僅涉及植物本身的自毒作用,而且受根際環(huán)境中微生物、土壤理化特性、養(yǎng)分異化等各項(xiàng)因素及其互相的影響而導(dǎo)致連作減產(chǎn)。輪作是維持土壤生境平衡的有效途徑,但對(duì)不同作物輪作調(diào)控土壤微生態(tài)系統(tǒng),修復(fù)和遏制連作退化土壤的機(jī)理和技術(shù)的研究相對(duì)欠缺,使得種植制度在提高土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性方面的潛力未能充分挖掘和利用。本研究在長期定位試驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,采用傳統(tǒng)的土壤學(xué)和微生物學(xué)方法與454測(cè)序技術(shù)相結(jié)合,研究了休閑、不同前茬輪作和連作條件下馬鈴薯土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)、細(xì)菌和真菌多樣性變化以及土壤酶活性,并進(jìn)一步利用GC-MS技術(shù),以連作為對(duì)照,分析了輪作對(duì)馬鈴薯根系分泌物的組成及累積效應(yīng)的影響。主要結(jié)論如下:(1)與馬鈴薯連作相比,小麥-馬鈴薯輪作以及豌豆-馬鈴薯輪作馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率均顯著提高。2013年和2015年,小麥和馬鈴薯輪作以及豌豆和馬鈴薯輪作馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量較連作分別提高了23.49%、25.46%和29.08%、26.73%;水分利用效率提高了15.21%、13.24%和15.30%、10.90%。2014年小麥-豌豆-馬鈴薯輪作馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率較馬鈴薯連作處理分別增加了31.42%和18.74%。(2)輪作土壤細(xì)菌Chao1指數(shù)、ACE指數(shù)、Shannon指數(shù)和np Shannon指數(shù)顯著高于連作土壤。馬鈴薯輪作后變形菌門α-變形菌綱、β-變形菌綱、γ-變形菌綱和δ-變形菌綱數(shù)量減少。豌豆-馬鈴薯輪作土壤Sphingomonas(鞘氨醇單胞菌屬)數(shù)量顯著高于小麥-馬鈴薯以及小麥-馬鈴薯-馬鈴薯輪作土壤。(3)不同輪作模式對(duì)土壤真菌種群結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生了明顯的影響,優(yōu)勢(shì)種群在輪作、休閑和連作土壤中的地位發(fā)生了變化。與連作相比,輪作和休閑土壤Chao1指數(shù)和ACE指數(shù)減少,且差異達(dá)顯著水平(P0.05)。輪作土壤中Basidiomycota(擔(dān)子菌門)豐富度高于連作土壤。Eurotiomycetes(散囊菌綱)、Pezizomycetes(盤菌綱)和Agaricomycetes(傘菌綱)種類大小均明顯高于連作土壤。各供試土壤中均出現(xiàn)了一些有害病原菌,如Phoma(莖點(diǎn)屬)、Penicillium(青霉屬)、Myrothecium(漆斑屬),Fusarium(鐮孢屬)、Verticillium(輪枝孢屬)等。Phom、Myrothecium和Verticillium在輪作和休閑土壤中數(shù)量顯著減少。各供試土壤中均出現(xiàn)了一些有益真菌,Aspergillus(曲霉屬)和Chaetomium(毛殼屬)在輪作和休閑土壤中數(shù)量明顯增加。(4)土壤微生物三大種類的數(shù)量大小為:細(xì)菌放線菌真菌。土壤細(xì)菌數(shù)量占微生物總量的43~90%。由于試驗(yàn)區(qū)的土壤呈弱堿性,放線菌所占比重較大,占微生物總量的6~57%。真菌數(shù)量最少,僅占微生物總量的0.2~5.6%。輪作土壤微生物總量和細(xì)菌數(shù)量顯著增加,真菌數(shù)量的增長受到抑制。馬鈴薯全生育期土壤細(xì)菌變化趨勢(shì)為:W-P-W-P(小麥-馬鈴薯-小麥-馬鈴薯)G-P-G-P(豌豆-馬鈴薯-豌豆-馬鈴薯)P-P-P-P(馬鈴薯連作)CK(休閑)。表明輪作促使土壤微生物大量繁殖,小麥和馬鈴薯輪作有利于增加土壤細(xì)菌數(shù)量。G-P-G-P比W-P-W-P處理真菌數(shù)量分別增加了58.33%、39.02%和68.18%。說明豌豆和馬鈴薯輪作有利于提高土壤中真菌的數(shù)量。(5)輪作種植改變了土壤酶活性。輪作土壤馬鈴薯全生育期蔗糖酶和脲酶活性高于連作土壤,且差異達(dá)顯著水平(P0.05);與馬鈴薯連作2年相比,輪作土壤過氧化氫酶活性減弱,與連作3年和4年相比,輪作土壤過氧化氫酶活性增強(qiáng);與連作2年相比,輪作土壤多酚氧化酶活性提高,與連作3年相比,輪作土壤多酚氧化酶活性呈現(xiàn)“高--低--高-低”變化趨勢(shì),與連作4年相比,輪作土壤多酚氧化酶活性降低。土壤過氧化氫酶活性與蔗糖酶、脲酶、真菌數(shù)量呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,微生物總量與真菌數(shù)量呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系。說明作物輪作后改善了土壤微生態(tài)環(huán)境,激發(fā)了土壤碳氮相關(guān)酶的代謝活性,減緩了根際周圍過氧化氫對(duì)作物的毒害,對(duì)連作退化土壤質(zhì)量有著積極的改善作用。(6)不同種植模式馬鈴薯根系分泌物中有17種化合物均被鑒定出,主要包括烷烴類、酯類、胺類、酸類和生物堿化合物,且烴類、酯類、酸類相對(duì)含量較高,平均為22.13%、6.7%和6.08%。輪作處理馬鈴薯根系分泌物種類比固定間作和連作處理分別減少了12.12%和14.71%,烷烴類物質(zhì)的相對(duì)含量比固定間作和連作處理分別減少了36.78%和34.47%,酸類物質(zhì)的相對(duì)含量比固定間作和連作處理分別減少了39.55%和12.89%。連作處理馬鈴薯根系分泌物中鑒定出乙胺、N-乙基嗎啉和鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯的相對(duì)含量分別為1.46%、2.87%和5%,而在輪作和間作處理中均未檢測(cè)到。輪作處理鑒定出N,N-二乙基乙酰胺相對(duì)含量比間作和連作處理分別減少55.22%和32.41%,棕櫚酸相對(duì)含量比固定間作和連作處理分別減少了28.57%和18.82%,硬脂酸相對(duì)含量比固定間作和連作處理分別減少了28.47%和21.48%。說明大豆-馬鈴薯輪作可有效降低馬鈴薯根系分泌物組分的種類和含量。馬鈴薯根系分泌物中3種主要成分棕櫚酸、硬脂酸、鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯單獨(dú)作用于馬鈴薯時(shí),均顯著抑制了馬鈴薯的生長,表現(xiàn)為化感負(fù)效應(yīng)。
[Abstract]:The formation factors of continuous cropping obstacles are very complex, which not only involves the self toxicity of plants themselves, but also causes reduction in continuous cropping by microorganisms, soil physical and chemical properties, nutrient dissimilation and other factors in the rhizosphere environment. Rotation is an effective way to maintain soil habitat balance, but the soil microecology is regulated by different crop rotation. The mechanism and technology of restoration and containment of continuous cropping soil are relatively deficient, and the potential of the planting system in improving the stability of soil ecosystem has not been fully exploited and utilized. Based on the long-term localization test, this study combines the traditional soil and microbiological methods with the 454 sequencing technology. The microbial community structure, the diversity of bacteria and fungi and the activity of soil enzyme under the condition of different crop rotation and continuous cropping, and further using GC-MS technology to analyze the effects of rotation on the composition and cumulative effect of potato root exudates. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) connect with potatoes. In comparison, the yield and water use efficiency of potato and potato rotation and pea potato rotation increased significantly in.2013 and 2015. The yield of wheat and potato rotation and potato and potato rotation increased by 23.49%, 25.46% and 29.08%, 26.73% respectively, and the water use efficiency increased by 15.21%, 13.24% and 15., respectively. 30%, in 10.90%.2014, the yield and water use efficiency of wheat and pea potato rotation increased by 31.42% and 18.74%. (2), respectively, and the Chao1 index of soil bacteria, ACE index, Shannon index and NP Shannon index were significantly higher than that of continuous cropping soil. The number of gamma deforminus and delta deforminus decreased. The number of Sphingomonas (Sphingomonas Sphingomonas) soil in pea potato rotation soil was significantly higher than that of wheat potato potato and potato potato potato rotation soil. (3) different cropping patterns have significant effects on soil fungal population structure, dominant population in rotation, leisure and continuous cropping. The status of soil was changed. Compared with continuous cropping, the Chao1 index and ACE index of rotation and leisure soil decreased, and the difference reached significant level (P0.05). The abundance of Basidiomycota (basidiomycetes) in soil was higher than that of continuous cropping soil.Eurotiomycetes (Sclerotinia), Pezizomycetes (clonomycetes) and Agaricomycetes (agaromycetes). It was significantly higher than continuous cropping soil. Some harmful pathogens were found in all the tested soils, such as Phoma (stem point), Penicillium (Penicillium), Myrothecium (lacquer), Fusarium (Fusarium), Verticillium (cladospora),.Phom, Myrothecium and Verticillium in the rotation and leisure soil. Some beneficial fungi, the number of Aspergillus (Qu Meishu) and Chaetomium (Mao Keshu) in the rotation and the leisure soil increased significantly. (4) the number of three species of soil microbes was: bacterial actinomycete fungi. The amount of soil bacteria accounted for 43~90%. of the total microbial biomass because the soil in the experimental area was weak alkaline, and the proportion of actinomycetes accounted for a large proportion. The total amount of 6~57%. fungi was the least. The total amount of soil microbes and the number of bacteria increased significantly in the 0.2~5.6%. rotation of the total microbial biomass, and the increase of the number of fungi was inhibited. The change trend of soil bacteria in the whole growth period of potato was W-P-W-P (wheat potato wheat potato) G-P-G-P (PEA potato pea potato) P -P-P-P (potato continuous cropping) CK (leisure). Indicates that the rotation of soil microbes to promote the mass reproduction of soil microorganisms, wheat and potato rotation is beneficial to increase the number of soil bacteria increased by 58.33% than the number of W-P-W-P treated fungi respectively, 39.02% and 68.18%. show that pea and potato rotation is beneficial to increase the number of fungi in the soil. (5) rotation planting change The activity of soil enzyme was changed. The activity of invertase and urease in the whole growth period of potato was higher than that of continuous cropping soil, and the difference reached significant level (P0.05). Compared with the continuous cropping of potato for 2 years, the activity of catalase in soil was weakened. Compared with continuous cropping for 3 years and 4 years, the activity of hydrogen peroxide enzyme in soil was enhanced. Compared with continuous cropping for 2 years, the soil was rotten soil. The activity of polyphenol oxidase in soil was higher than that of continuous cropping for 3 years. The activity of polyphenol oxidase in soil was "high low to low", and the activity of polyphenol oxidase in soil was lower than that of continuous cropping for 4 years. The activity of soil catalase was significantly negatively correlated with the amount of invertase, urease and fungi, and the amount of microorganism and the amount of fungi. It showed that crop rotation improved soil microecological environment, stimulated the metabolic activity of soil carbon and nitrogen related enzymes, slowed down the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide around the rhizosphere, and had a positive improvement on the quality of continuous cropping soil. (6) there were 17 compounds in potato root exudates in different planting patterns. They were identified as alkanes, esters, amines, acids and alkaloids, and the relative content of hydrocarbons, esters and acids was higher, averaging 22.13%, 6.7% and 6.08%. in the potato root exudates were reduced by 12.12% and 14.71% compared with fixed intercropping and continuous cropping, and the relative content of alkanes was compared with the fixed Intercropping. The relative content of continuous cropping was reduced by 36.78% and 34.47% respectively. The relative content of acid material decreased by 39.55% and 12.89%. continuous cropping treatment respectively, and the relative content of N- ethyl morpholine and dibutyl phthalate was 1.46%, 2.87% and 5% respectively in potato root exudates, respectively, in rotation and intercropping treatment. The relative content of N N- two ethyl acetamide decreased by 55.22% and 32.41% respectively, and the relative content of palmitic acid decreased by 28.57% and 18.82% respectively compared with the fixed intercropping and continuous cropping treatment, and the relative content of stearic acid decreased by 28.47% and 21.48%. respectively compared with the fixed intercropping and intercropping treatment, respectively. Potato rotation can effectively reduce the variety and content of root exudates in potato. The growth of potato is inhibited significantly when the 3 main components of potato root exudates, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and dibutyl phthalate alone in potato, show a negative effect of allelopathy.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S532;S154

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