本文選題：石灰性土壤 + 酸化　； 參考：《石河子大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：目的:石灰性土壤p H值較高,導(dǎo)致土壤養(yǎng)分有效性低,不利于作物對土壤儲備養(yǎng)分資源的利用。施用酸化劑能降低土壤p H,提高養(yǎng)分有效性,但成本高,在實際生產(chǎn)中難以應(yīng)用。滴灌施肥局部、高頻、少量、定點施肥的特點,為酸化劑施用提供了新的手段。本試驗通過研究不同類型酸性物質(zhì)和酸性物質(zhì)不同施用方式下土壤p H、養(yǎng)分有效性的變化、作物對養(yǎng)分吸收和產(chǎn)量的響應(yīng),探討酸化劑作用下滴灌棉田磷鋅的活化效果,以期為滴灌條件下提高石灰性土壤磷鋅的資源利用效率提供新方法。方法:采用等量酸性物質(zhì)、不同施用方式設(shè)計了酸性物質(zhì)一次施用(S)和分6次施用(M),對照(CK)三個處理(微區(qū)模擬試驗)。大田滴灌試驗少量多次施用酸化劑設(shè)計了不施磷肥(NK),常規(guī)灌溉施肥(NPK),常規(guī)灌溉施肥配施硫酸(SA)、磷酸脲(UP)和硫酸銨+氯甲基吡啶(ASN)五個處理,各處理NPK養(yǎng)分用量一致(NK處理除外),部分酸化劑含有N,P養(yǎng)分則從其他類型肥料中扣除相同數(shù)量的同類養(yǎng)分。供試作物為棉花Huiyuan 710(Gossypium hirsutum L.)。微區(qū)試驗通過土壤p H、磷和鋅的動態(tài)變化及無機(jī)磷組分的變化,研究不同施用方式對土壤養(yǎng)分有效性的變化及可能的活化機(jī)制。大田試驗通過土壤磷和三葉期棉花根系形態(tài)及根活等的變化研究播種期施用酸化劑對棉花的影響;酸化劑不同施用次數(shù)下不同土層深度土壤p H、有效磷和鋅及棉花干物質(zhì),磷鋅吸收量及產(chǎn)量的變化研究不同酸化劑對滴灌棉田磷鋅的活化效果。結(jié)果:1.在與大田條件基本一致的模擬滴灌條件下,少量多次施用酸化劑(M)相比單次施用(S)顯著降低局部土壤p H,土壤p H降低對應(yīng)土壤有效磷含量的增加,對有效鋅含量的增加表現(xiàn)不明顯。各處理土壤p H降低量與土壤有效磷含量的增加量呈極顯著正相關(guān)(R2=0.6334**),表明提高土壤中磷的有效性主要是通過酸溶作用。對土壤無機(jī)磷組分的分析發(fā)現(xiàn)少量多次施用酸化劑顯著提高土壤中Water-P、Olsen-P與Ca2-P的含量,Ca2-P與Olsen-P、Water-P含量存在極顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.901和0.725,表明Ca2-P是試驗土壤有效磷的主要磷源供給。2.播種期配施酸化劑顯著降低了局部土壤p H,SA、UP和ASN處理降幅分別為0.19、0.14和0.16個單位;酸化處理局部土壤有效磷含量顯著提高,SA、UP和ASN增幅分別為7.98、6.66和6.58 mg·kg-1,表明播種期施用酸化劑通過降低局部土壤p H提高了土壤中磷的有效性。三葉期棉花根系活力,各根系形態(tài)指標(biāo)(根長,表面積,體積,根長密度)顯著高于NPK處理,根平均直徑有減小趨勢。3.滴灌施肥條件下,隨酸化劑施用次數(shù)增加,酸化效果得到強(qiáng)化,顯著降低局部土壤0-10和10-20 cm土層深度p H,SA、UP和ASN最大降幅分別為0.20、0.24和0.32個單位,對應(yīng)有效磷的顯著增加,最大增幅分別為5.44,6.56、6.97 mg·kg-1,其中磷酸脲和硫酸銨效果較好;而在20-40 cm各處理p H變化不顯著,但酸化劑處理有效磷和鋅含量顯著增加。表明滴灌條件下酸化劑施用具有一定的累積效應(yīng)。4.酸化劑的施用顯著促進(jìn)了棉花干物質(zhì)積累量、磷和鋅吸收量,收獲時SA、UP和ASN處理磷和鋅的吸收量分別比NPK處理增加21.1%、18.8%、28.0%,130.82、87.09、142.10 g·hm-2;在等養(yǎng)分用量下,配施酸化劑處理棉花籽棉增產(chǎn)12-16%,其中ASN增產(chǎn)幅度最大;磷肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率(AEP)、表觀利用率(REP)和偏生產(chǎn)力(PFPP)顯著高于常規(guī)施肥,干物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)效率(DMPEP)和生理利用率(PEP)降低。結(jié)論:1.施用化學(xué)酸性物質(zhì)可降低石灰性土壤p H和提高土壤磷的有效性,Ca2-P是化學(xué)酸化劑活化石灰性土壤磷的主要給源,其活化機(jī)制可能是酸溶作用抑制Ca2-P向難溶態(tài)磷酸鹽的轉(zhuǎn)化。2.播種期配施酸化劑通過降低土壤p H,提高磷有效性,促進(jìn)了三葉期棉花根系的生長,利于根系吸收養(yǎng)分和抵御出苗期低溫,為植株后續(xù)生長奠定基礎(chǔ)。3.在滴灌條件下,少量多次施用酸化劑能降低近根區(qū)0-20 cm土層深度土壤的p H。通過酸溶作用顯著提高了近根區(qū)0-40 cm土層深度磷的有效性,促進(jìn)植株對磷的吸收。土壤鋅有效性的影響雖在各土層表現(xiàn)不一致,但促進(jìn)了植株的吸收。4.在相同養(yǎng)分用量投入和管理水平下,滴灌下少量多次局部配施酸化劑棉花產(chǎn)量和磷肥利用效率顯著高于常規(guī)滴灌施肥。滴灌下少量多次施用酸化劑是實現(xiàn)石灰性土壤上磷肥高效利用的一種有效途徑。5.在三種酸化劑中,硫酸銨表現(xiàn)出了最強(qiáng)的酸化作用。
[Abstract]:Objective: the high P H value in calcareous soil leads to low soil nutrient availability and is not conducive to the utilization of soil reserve nutrient resources. Application of acidifier can reduce soil P H and improve nutrient availability, but it is difficult to apply in practical production. Drip irrigation is applied to local, high frequency, small amount, fixed fertilization and application of acidifier. In this experiment, we studied the changes in soil P H, nutrient availability and the response of crop to nutrient absorption and yield under different types of acid and acid application in different types of acid and acidic substances, and discussed the activation effect of phosphorus and zinc on the drip irrigation cotton field under the action of acidifying agent in order to improve the utilization efficiency of phosphorus and zinc in the calcareous soil under drip irrigation. A new method was provided. Methods: the acid substance was used in the same amount of acid (S) and 6 times of application (M), and three treatments (CK) were used as control (microarea simulation test). A small amount of acidifying agents were used in the drip irrigation test in the field. The phosphorus fertilizer was designed without NK, the conventional irrigation and fertilization (NPK), the routine irrigation and fertilization and the application of sulphuric acid (SA). Five treatments of urea phosphate (UP) and ammonium sulfate + chloromethyl pyridine (ASN) were treated with the same amount of nutrients (except for NK treatment). The partial acidifying agent contained N, and the P nutrient was deducted from the same amount of similar nutrients from other types of fertilizer. The test crops were cotton Huiyuan 710 (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The dynamics of soil P H, phosphorus and zinc were dynamic in the microzone test. Changes in soil nutrient availability and possible activation mechanism of soil nutrients were studied by different application methods. The effect of acidifying agent on cotton in sowing period was studied by soil phosphorus and cotton root form and root activity in the soil of soil phosphorus and three leaf stage; P H, effective phosphorus and zinc and cotton dry matter, phosphorus and zinc absorption and yield changes to study the effects of different acidifying agents on the activation of phosphorus and zinc in drip irrigated cotton fields. 1. under the simulated drip irrigation conditions, a small amount of acidifying agents (M) significantly reduced local soil P H compared with single application (S), and soil P H decreased to the corresponding soil. The increase of effective phosphorus content was not obvious to the increase of the content of effective zinc. The decrease of P H in soil was very significant positive correlation with the increase of soil effective phosphorus content (R2=0.6334**). It showed that the availability of phosphorus in the soil was mainly through acid dissolution. The content of Water-P, Olsen-P and Ca2-P in soil, Ca2-P and Olsen-P, Water-P content have a very significant positive correlation, the correlation coefficients are 0.901 and 0.725 respectively, indicating that Ca2-P is the main source of available phosphorus in the test soil to supply.2. sowing date with acidification agent, which significantly reduces the P H, SA, UP and decreasing amplitude of.2. 14 and 0.16 units, the content of effective phosphorus in the local soil improved significantly, the increase of SA, UP and ASN was 7.98,6.66 and 6.58 mg. Kg-1 respectively, indicating that the application of acidification agent in the sowing period improved the availability of phosphorus in the soil by reducing the local soil P H. Degree) significantly higher than NPK treatment, the average diameter of root mean decreased trend.3. drip fertilization conditions, with acidification increase, acidification effect was enhanced, significantly reduced local soil 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil depth P H, SA, UP and ASN, respectively, the maximum decline of 0.20,0.24 and 0.32 units, corresponding to the significant increase of effective phosphorus, the maximum increase, respectively For 5.44,6.56,6.97 mg kg-1, the effect of urea phosphate and ammonium sulfate is better, but the changes of P H in the treatment of 20-40 cm are not significant, but the content of effective phosphorus and zinc is significantly increased by acidifying agent. It shows that the application of acidifying agent with a certain cumulative effect.4. acidifying agent under drip irrigation shows the accumulation of dry matter in cotton, phosphorus and zinc absorption. The absorption of phosphorus and zinc at harvest SA, UP and ASN increased by 21.1%, 18.8%, 28%, 130.82,87.09142.10 G. Hm-2, respectively. Under the same amount of nutrients, the yield of cotton seed cotton was added with acidification agent to increase the yield 12-16%, and the increase in ASN yield was the greatest. The utilization ratio of phosphate fertilizer (AEP), apparent utilization ratio (REP) and partial productivity (PFPP) were significantly higher. In conventional fertilization, dry matter production efficiency (DMPEP) and physiological utilization rate (PEP) decrease. Conclusion: 1. chemical acidity can reduce the P H of calcareous soil and increase the availability of soil phosphorus. Ca2-P is the main source of chemical acidifying agent to activate calcareous soil phosphorus, and its activation mechanism may be the inhibition of Ca2-P to refractory phosphate by acid dissolution. The application of Acidifier in.2. seeding period by reducing soil P H, improving the availability of phosphorus, promoting the growth of root of cotton in the three leaf period, absorbing nutrients and resisting the low temperature of the seedling stage, laying the foundation for the following growth of the plant, under the drip irrigation condition, a small amount of acidifier can reduce the P H. in the depth of the 0-20 cm soil layer of the near root zone. The effect of excess acid solubilization significantly increased the availability of phosphorus in the 0-40 cm soil layer in the near root zone and promoted the absorption of phosphorus. The effect of soil zinc efficiency was inconsistent in the various soil layers, but it promoted the plant absorption of.4. under the same nutrient input and management level, and the yield of acidifying agent cotton and phosphate fertilizer were few times under drip irrigation. The utilization efficiency is significantly higher than that of the conventional drip irrigation. A small amount of acidifying agent under drip irrigation is an effective way to achieve high efficiency utilization of phosphate fertilizer on calcareous soil.5.. In the three acidifying agents, ammonium sulfate shows the strongest acidification effect.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：石河子大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S275.6;S153.6

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