本文選題：水稻除草劑 + 泥鰍�。� 參考：《河南師范大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：水稻是全球大量種植的糧食作物之一,使用水稻除草劑可以很好的解決水稻種植中的草害問題。隨著水稻除草劑的大量使用,其對環(huán)境污染的問題也越來越嚴(yán)重。水稻除草劑在使用時,少部分被靶植物吸收之外,其殘留部分不僅會污染稻田的水環(huán)境,對水生生物造成危害,還可以通過其他途徑對其它水環(huán)境以及土壤造成污染。水稻除草劑所造成的環(huán)境問題,逐漸受到人們的關(guān)注。本研究以泥鰍和大鱗副泥鰍為試驗材料,通過急性毒性試驗、遺傳毒性試驗(微核試驗和單細(xì)胞凝膠電泳試驗)、生理毒性試驗、胚胎及幼魚的毒性試驗這5個方面,初步探討了4種水稻除草劑(丙草胺、丁草胺、五氟磺草胺和乙羧氟草醚)對兩種泥鰍(泥鰍、大鱗副泥鰍)的毒性效應(yīng)。為除草劑的合理施用提供一定的科學(xué)依據(jù),也為其它除草劑的毒性研究提供一定的理論依據(jù)。通過急性毒性試驗得出丙草胺對泥鰍24、48、96h半致死濃(LC50)度分別為:6.3803 mg/L、5.719 mg/L、4.6795 mg/L。安全濃度(Sc)為:1.3785 mg/L。丁草胺對泥鰍24、48、96h半致死濃(LC50)度分別為:7.622 mg/L、5.74 mg/L、3.624 mg/L。安全濃度(Sc)為:0.8756 mg/L。五氟磺草胺對泥鰍24、48、96 h半致死濃(LC50)度分別為:37.3233 mg/L、34.1073 mg/L、26.9936 mg/L。安全濃度(Sc)為:8.2467mg/L。乙羧氟草醚對泥鰍24、48、96 h半致死濃(LC50)度分別為:4.4614 mg/L、3.3443 mg/L、2.6303 mg/L。安全濃度(Sc)為:0.5638mg/L。丙草胺對大鱗副泥鰍24、48、96 h半致死濃(LC50)度分別為:6.676 mg/L、5.9455 mg/L、5.1225 mg/L。安全濃度(Sc)為:1.4146 mg/L。丁草胺對大鱗副泥鰍24、48、96h半致死濃(LC50)度分別為:7.32 mg/L、5.337 mg/L、2.785 mg/L。安全濃度(Sc)為:0.8511mg/L。五氟磺草胺對大鱗副泥鰍24、48、96 h半致死濃(LC50)度分別為:37.8416 mg/L、35.5345 mg/L、28.9641 mg/L。安全濃度(Sc)為:9.4001 mg/L。乙羧氟草醚對大鱗副泥鰍24、48、96 h半致死濃(LC50)度分別為:4.8778 mg/L、3.5607 mg/L、2.6684 mg/L。安全濃度(Sc)為:0.5692 mg/L。通過微核試驗和單細(xì)胞凝膠電泳試驗,來研究四種水稻除草劑對兩種泥鰍的遺傳毒性。微核試驗結(jié)果表明,這四種水稻除草劑均能不同程度的提升兩種泥鰍紅細(xì)胞的核異常率。其中,乙羧氟草醚的核異常率最高,在乙羧氟草醚對泥鰍微核試驗中,在第九天1.3 mg/L處理組中,泥鰍紅細(xì)胞核異常率高達(dá)7.18‰。其誘發(fā)程度為乙羧氟草醚丙草胺丁草胺五氟磺草胺。單細(xì)胞凝膠電泳試驗結(jié)果表明,四種水稻除草劑均能在一定程度上促使兩種泥鰍血細(xì)胞和肝細(xì)胞的尾部DNA含量和olive尾矩升高。在丙草胺3.4 mg/L處理組中,泥鰍肝細(xì)胞的尾部DNA含量和olive尾矩分別高達(dá)52.60%和159.86。因此,這四種水稻除草劑對兩種泥鰍的紅細(xì)胞具有一定的遺傳毒性,能對泥鰍和大鱗副泥鰍的血細(xì)胞和肝細(xì)胞造成DNA損傷。以兩種泥鰍肝組織中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、過氧化氫酶(CAT)的活力以及還原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量為指標(biāo),進(jìn)行生理毒性試驗。結(jié)果表明,四種水稻除草劑均能對兩種泥鰍造成較為明顯的氧化應(yīng)激效應(yīng),長期的脅迫可以抑制泥鰍肝臟抗氧化酶的活力,使機體的抗氧化能力下降,并受到較為明顯的氧化損傷。其中,五氟磺草胺對兩種泥鰍的生理毒性低于其它三種水稻除草劑。以胚胎的畸形率和死亡率為指標(biāo),以胚胎發(fā)育的四個不同時期(胚盤隆起期、原腸胚中期、神經(jīng)胚期、尾芽期)為處理時間,進(jìn)行胚胎毒性試驗。結(jié)果表明,四種水稻除草劑均能在不同程度上誘使兩種泥鰍胚胎的孵化率下降,畸形率升高。其中,1.3 mg/L乙羧氟草醚從神經(jīng)胚期處理大鱗副泥鰍胚胎,可使其畸形率高達(dá)66.12%,3.4 mg/L丙草胺從原腸胚中期處理大鱗副泥鰍胚胎,可使其孵化率低至48.40%。由此可見,四種水稻除草劑對兩種泥鰍胚胎具有一定的毒性效應(yīng)。不同的水稻除草劑對兩種泥鰍胚胎影響的最敏感時期存在著一定的差異。在幼魚的急性毒性試驗中,丙草胺、丁草胺、五氟磺草胺和乙羧氟草醚對泥鰍幼魚的96h半致死濃度(LC50)分別為:0.40197 mg/L、0.39223 mg/L、0.7696mg/L、0.20708 mg/L。丙草胺、丁草胺、五氟磺草胺和乙羧氟草醚對大鱗副泥鰍幼魚的96h半致死濃度(LC50)分別為:0.3265 mg/L、0.16487 mg/L、1.25017 mg/L、0.23787 mg/L。綜上所述,四種水稻除草劑對兩種泥鰍均具有的一定的急性毒性、遺傳毒性和生理毒性,能對兩種泥鰍血細(xì)胞和肝細(xì)胞的DNA造成損傷,對兩種泥鰍的胚胎和幼魚具有較強的毒性效應(yīng)。此外,兩種泥鰍對四種水稻除草劑毒性的敏感程度有所差異,但差距并不明顯。
[Abstract]:Rice is one of the most widely cultivated grain crops all over the world. The use of rice herbicides can solve the problem of grass damage in rice planting. With the use of rice herbicides, the problem of environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious. When the herbicide is used, a few of the target plants are absorbed, and the residual part of the rice is not only contaminated. The water environment in paddy fields can cause harm to aquatic organisms and can also cause pollution to other water environment and soil through other ways. The environmental problems caused by rice herbicides have gradually been paid attention to. The toxic effects of 4 kinds of rice herbicides (butadiamine, butachlor, five fluonullor and carboxyfluoroethers) on two kinds of Loach (loach, paramethoside loach) were preliminarily discussed in 5 aspects, including cell gel electrophoresis test, physiological toxicity test, embryo and young fish toxicity test, which provided scientific basis for rational application of herbicides and also for its rational application. It provides a theoretical basis for the toxicity study of herbicides. Through acute toxicity tests, it was found that the 24,48,96h semi lethal concentration (LC50) of loach was 6.3803 mg/L, 5.719 mg/L, 4.6795 mg/L. safe concentration (Sc): 1.3785 mg/L. butachlor for 24,48,96h semi lethal concentration (LC50) degree respectively: 7.622 mg/L, 5.74 mg/L, 3.624 mg/L. The safety concentration (Sc) was as follows: 0.8756 mg/L. five fluorosulfonamide in the loach 24,48,96 h semi lethal concentration (LC50) were 37.3233 mg/L, 34.1073 mg/L, and 26.9936 mg/L. (Sc) as: 8.2467mg/L. acetoethyl fluoroether to the loach 24,48,96 h semi lethal concentration, respectively: 4.4614, 3.3443, 2.6303 safe concentration. 24,48,96 h semi lethal concentration (LC50) was 6.676 mg/L, 5.9455 mg/L and 5.1225 mg/L. safety concentration (Sc), respectively: 1.4146 mg/L. butachlor's 24,48,96h semi lethal concentration (LC50) was 7.32 mg/L, 5.337 mg/L, and 2.785 safe concentration (five). 24,48,96 h semi lethal concentration (LC50) was 37.8416 mg/L, 35.5345 mg/L, and 28.9641 mg/L. safe concentration (Sc): 9.4001 mg/L. carboxyl fluoroether for 24,48,96 h semi lethal concentration (LC50) of 4.8778 mg/L, 3.5607 and 2.6684 safe concentration, respectively: 0.5692 through micronucleus test and single cell gel electrophoresis test. The genetic toxicity of four kinds of rice herbicides to two kinds of loach was studied. The results of micronucleus test showed that the four kinds of rice herbicides could improve the nuclear abnormal rate of red cells in two kinds of loach in different degrees. Among them, the abnormal rate of acetoethyl fluoroether was the highest. In the micronucleus test of acetoethyl fluoroether to Mud Loach, it was in the ninth day 1.3 mg/L treatment group. The abnormal rate of erythrocyte nuclei of loach was up to 7.18 per thousand. The degree of induction was that of butaoxamine Butachlor and five fluonuramines. The results of single cell gel electrophoresis showed that the four kinds of rice herbicides could increase the tail DNA content and olive tail moment of the blood cells and hepatocytes of the two kinds of loach to a certain extent. The treatment was treated with 3.4 mg/L. In the group, the tail DNA content and the olive tail moment of the loach hepatocytes are as high as 52.60% and 159.86. respectively. Therefore, the four kinds of rice herbicides have certain genetic toxicity to the red cells of two kinds of loach, and can cause DNA damage to the blood cells and liver cells of the loach and the loach of the loach, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the peroxy in the two Loach Liver tissues. The activity of CAT and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were used as indexes to carry out physiological toxicity tests. The results showed that all four kinds of rice herbicides could cause obvious oxidative stress effects on two kinds of loach. Long term stress could inhibit the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver of loach and the antioxidant capacity of the body. The physiological toxicity of five loach to two kinds of loach was lower than that of the other three kinds of rice herbicides. The deformity rate and mortality rate of the embryo were the indexes, and the embryo toxicity was treated at four different stages of embryo development (the embryo stage of the embryo, the midgut embryo, the nerve embryo, the tail bud). The results showed that the four kinds of rice herbicides could induce the hatchability of two loach embryos to be reduced and the rate of malformation increased in varying degrees. Among them, 1.3 mg/L carboxyl ether can make the malformation rate of 66.12% and 3.4 mg/L from the middle embryo of the primary embryo from the middle embryo of the gastrula. The hatching rate is low to 48.40%., and four kinds of rice herbicides have certain toxic effects on the two kinds of loach embryos. Different rice herbicides have certain differences in the most sensitive period of the two kinds of loach embryos. In the acute toxicity test of young fish, herbicide, butachlor, five fluonullor and carboxyl fluoroether have a good effect on the loach. The 96h semi lethal concentration (LC50) of the young fish were 0.40197 mg/L, 0.39223 mg/L, 0.7696mg/L, 0.20708 mg/L., butachlor, five fluonamamide, and carboxyl fluoroether for 96h semi lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.3265 mg/L, 0.16487 mg/L, 1.25017 mg/L, 0.23787 mg/L., and four rice herbicides to two The species of loach had certain acute toxicity, hereditary toxicity and physiological toxicity, which could damage the DNA of two kinds of loach blood cells and liver cells, and had strong toxic effects on the embryos and young fish of two kinds of loach. In addition, the sensitivity of two kinds of loach to four kinds of rice herbicides was different, but the gap was not obvious.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X592;S451.21

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