本文選題：農(nóng)業(yè)非點(diǎn)源　切入點(diǎn)：有機(jī)質(zhì)　出處：《浙江大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：農(nóng)業(yè)非點(diǎn)源污染主要由施入農(nóng)業(yè)用地的肥料、農(nóng)藥與其它有機(jī)或無(wú)機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的流失所造成的。有機(jī)質(zhì)從農(nóng)業(yè)用地的流失是目前存在于農(nóng)業(yè)與環(huán)境的問(wèn)題之一。有機(jī)質(zhì)的流失造成土壤碳庫(kù)的損失,引起周邊水體的高量有機(jī)碳污染,威脅飲用水水源安全,若與飲用水處理中的消毒劑發(fā)生反應(yīng)將生成致癌的消毒副產(chǎn)物,直接威脅人體健康。因此,研究有機(jī)質(zhì)的“源”(農(nóng)業(yè)非點(diǎn)源)與有機(jī)質(zhì)的“匯”(地表水體)具有顯著的環(huán)境意義。由于農(nóng)業(yè)非點(diǎn)源污染的復(fù)雜性、間歇性、分散性,對(duì)有機(jī)質(zhì)從“源”至“匯”的遷移過(guò)程進(jìn)行研究非常困難且實(shí)用性不顯著。因此,本研究著重于有機(jī)質(zhì)的“源”——對(duì)有機(jī)質(zhì)的流失進(jìn)行源頭控制；有機(jī)質(zhì)的“匯”——對(duì)已受到有機(jī)質(zhì)非點(diǎn)源污染的地表水體水質(zhì)進(jìn)行評(píng)估。本文對(duì)有機(jī)質(zhì)的一類(lèi)“源”,即肥料施用下的稻田為對(duì)象進(jìn)行了研究,以期為對(duì)有機(jī)質(zhì)的流失進(jìn)行源頭控制提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。稻田土壤與某些肥料(如有機(jī)肥)含有高量的有機(jī)質(zhì),可能流失至周邊水體造成有機(jī)質(zhì)污染。首先,本文以稻田土壤中的有機(jī)質(zhì)為研究對(duì)象,于2012年至2014年在嘉興種植區(qū)開(kāi)展田間小區(qū)試驗(yàn),研究了不同肥料種類(lèi)與不同肥料施用量下土壤有機(jī)碳(Soil organic carbon, SOC)含量(g kg-1)與存貯量(Mg ha-1),以期了解土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的特性以及施肥對(duì)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的影響。其次,本文以稻田田面水中的有機(jī)質(zhì)為研究對(duì)象,于2013年在嘉興同一水稻種植區(qū)開(kāi)展田間小區(qū)試驗(yàn),研究了稻田田面水中溶解性有機(jī)碳(Dissolved organic carbon, DOC)的含量、有機(jī)質(zhì)作為消毒副產(chǎn)物(Disinfection byproducts, DBPs)前體物的反應(yīng)性及其動(dòng)態(tài)變化特征,以期為農(nóng)業(yè)非點(diǎn)源有機(jī)質(zhì)的減排提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。研究表明,施用有機(jī)肥(豬糞)顯著影響土壤有機(jī)碳含量與存貯量,0-20cm土層的SOC含量與存貯量隨有機(jī)肥施用量的增加而增加,但在施肥量高達(dá)一定程度時(shí),SOC含量與存貯量不再增長(zhǎng),說(shuō)明可能已經(jīng)達(dá)到飽和。施肥不影響20cm以下的土壤有機(jī)碳含量與存貯量。回歸分析0～5cm,5～20cm與0-100cm土層或土壤剖面的SOC貯存量與有機(jī)肥的碳輸入,分別得到10.5%、29.4%與36.4%的土壤碳固定率。有機(jī)肥施入量越高,稻田田面水中溶解性有機(jī)質(zhì)的含量越高,通過(guò)排水或徑流導(dǎo)致的溶解性有機(jī)質(zhì)的輸出風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也越大。使有機(jī)肥的施入與預(yù)報(bào)的降雨或灌溉之間的時(shí)間間隔相隔1周以上,將是非常好的水肥管理模式,使之既滿足作物營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求又降低溶解性有機(jī)質(zhì)的輸出風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。按照這種改良的灌溉排水模式,稻田土壤成為DOC的碳匯而非DOC輸出至周邊水體的源。本文亦對(duì)有機(jī)質(zhì)的一類(lèi)“匯”,即流域水體為對(duì)象進(jìn)行了研究,以期為對(duì)已受到有機(jī)質(zhì)非點(diǎn)源污染的地表水體水質(zhì)進(jìn)行評(píng)估提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。本研究于2014年于杭州余杭區(qū)鸕鳥(niǎo)鎮(zhèn)的流域開(kāi)展試驗(yàn),選取未受到污染的上游源頭以及僅受到稻田面源污染的水體作為水樣采集點(diǎn),研究了三維熒光光譜結(jié)合熒光區(qū)域積分方法在指示有機(jī)質(zhì)污染中的應(yīng)用,以期為評(píng)估水體水質(zhì)安全、預(yù)警水體污染事件提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。研究表明,水質(zhì)常規(guī)指標(biāo)DOC濃度與254nm下特定紫外吸光度(Specific UVA254, SUVA254)不適合作為有機(jī)質(zhì)污染指標(biāo)并用于評(píng)估飲用水水源地流域水質(zhì)或預(yù)警水源污染事故。春、夏、秋三季的熒光區(qū)域積分指標(biāo)的3次系統(tǒng)聚類(lèi)分析結(jié)果表明,三維熒光光譜的熒光區(qū)域積分指標(biāo)適合作為有機(jī)質(zhì)污染指標(biāo)并用于評(píng)估飲用水水源地流域水質(zhì)或預(yù)警水源污染事故。
[Abstract]:Agricultural non-point source pollution mainly by applying fertilizer for agriculture, pesticide and other organic or inorganic nutrient loss. The organic matter from the agricultural land loss is one of the currently existing in the agricultural and environmental problems. The organic matter caused by the loss of soil carbon losses caused by the high amount of organic carbon the pollution of the surrounding water, drinking water security threats, and if the treatment of drinking water disinfectant to react to carcinogenic disinfection by-products, a direct threat to human health. Therefore, the research of organic matter "source" (agricultural non-point source) and organic matter "sinks" (surface water) has significant environmental significance due to the complexity of agricultural non-point source pollution intermittent, dispersion, migration of organic matter from the "source" and "sink" of very difficult and the practicality is not significant. Therefore, this study focuses on the source of organic matter" The organic matter loss and controlling the source of organic matter; "sinks" - has been on surface water quality of organic matter of non-point source pollution was evaluated. The organic matter in a kind of "source", namely fertilizer under paddy field was studied as the object, in order to provide a scientific basis for carrying out the source control of the organic matter. The loss of paddy soil and some fertilizer (such as organic fertilizer) organic matter contain high amounts of possible loss to the surrounding water caused by organic pollution. First, the organic matter in paddy soil as the research object, from 2012 to 2014 to carry out field trials in Jiaxing planting area, study the soil organic carbon of different kinds of fertilizer with different fertilizer application amount (Soil organic carbon, SOC) (g kg-1) and the content of storage (Mg HA-1), in order to understand the influence of properties of soil organic matter and organic fertilization on soil. In this paper, the organic matter in surface water of paddy field as the research object, planting area to carry out field trials in Jiaxing with a rice in 2013, on the surface water of paddy field of dissolved organic carbon (Dissolved organic carbon, DOC) the content of organic matter as disinfection by-products (Disinfection, byproducts, DBPs) reaction and the dynamic characteristics of the precursor, in order to provide scientific foundation for agricultural non-point source organic matter reduction. The study shows that the application of organic fertilizer (pig manure) significantly affect soil organic carbon content and storage capacity, storage capacity and increase the content of SOC 0-20cm soil with organic fertilizer increased, but the amount of fertilizer up to a certain extent, the content of SOC and the amount of storage is no longer growing, that may have reached saturation. Fertilization does not affect soil organic carbon content and storage under 20cm. Regression analysis of 0 ~ 5cm, 5 ~ 20cm and 0-100cm soil layer or The soil SOC storage and organic carbon input, 10.5% respectively, soil carbon sequestration rates of 29.4% and 36.4%. Organic fertilizer is higher, the content of surface water of paddy field of dissolved organic matter is higher, the risk caused by the output dissolved drainage or runoff of organic matter is also larger. The organic fertilizer and forecast rainfall or irrigation intervals separated by more than 1 weeks, will be very good water and fertilizer management model that can meet the nutrient requirement of crops and reduce output risk of dissolved organic matter. According to this modified model of irrigation and drainage, paddy soil carbon sink become DOC instead of DOC output to the surrounding water source. The organic matter is a kind of "sink", is the study of the water basin is carried out, in order to provide scientific basis for the assessment of surface water quality has been the organic matter of non-point source pollution in this research. Valley in 2014 in Hangzhou District of Yuhang luniao town to carry out the test, select the headwaters not polluted water and paddy fields only affected by non-point source pollution as water sampling points, the study of 3D fluorescence regional integration method based on indication of organic pollution in the application, in order to evaluate the water quality and safety, provide according to the early warning of water pollution incidents. Scientific research shows that conventional water quality indicators of the concentration of DOC and 254nm under specific ultraviolet absorbance (Specific UVA254, SUVA254) is not suitable as a pollution index of organic matter and is used to assess the drinking water source water quality or water pollution accident early warning. In spring, summer, autumn three season of the 3 regional fluorescence integral index system cluster analysis showed that the fluorescent region integral indicator of three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of organic matter and suitable as pollution indicators for assessment of drinking water source water quality or pre Pollution accident of police water source.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：X52;X712

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