本文選題：油松人工林　切入點：土壤酶活性　出處：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：油松作為黃土高原地區(qū)的先鋒樹種,因其具有耐寒、耐旱和耐貧瘠的特性而被作為主要的人工作林樹種廣泛栽植。前期對油松的研究已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),油松造林后隨著林齡的增加土壤理化性質(zhì)會發(fā)生一系列變化,這些變化對土壤的微生物活性,土壤酶活性都會產(chǎn)生深刻的影響,進而影響林木的生長和幼苗更新。但是這方面的研究還很欠缺,尤其是有關影響機制的研究。本研究旨在揭示油松人工林對土壤酶活性和微生物生的影響及其季節(jié)變化,為油松人工林的可持續(xù)管理提供依據(jù)。本研究的研究地點位于黃土高原子午嶺林區(qū)的富縣和尚塬林場。分別選擇8年生(PF8)、22年生(PF22)和42年生(PF42)的油松人工林,以及大約70年林齡的油松天然次生林(NSF)。每種類型林分設置3個20m×20m的標準樣地.在標準樣地內(nèi)按照S型采集土壤樣品。土壤樣品主要測定土壤理化性質(zhì),土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量碳氮等三方面的指標。幼苗更新選擇成熟人工林(PF42)和天然次生林(NF)進行調(diào)查。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)林齡和季節(jié)對除全氮以外的其他土壤指標均有顯著的影。土壤pH、全氮、有機碳和全磷含量在夏季最高,而土壤碳氮比在秋季最高。土壤理化性質(zhì)在油松人工林不同階段的變化規(guī)律不同。比如,土壤容重、溫度、硝態(tài)氮、銨態(tài)氮、全氮、全磷和速效磷含量隨林齡增長而下降;而土壤含水量孔隙度、全鉀、速效鉀和有機碳隨林齡增加而逐漸提高。油松天然次生林土壤營養(yǎng)元素的含量均高于油松人工林,隨季節(jié)的變化規(guī)律是夏季和秋季高于春季和冬季。油松林土壤微生物量碳和氮含量均表現(xiàn)為夏季高于秋季、春季和冬季.其原因可以理解為:植物在夏季具有較強的光合能力,促使根系分泌更多的碳水化合物,進而激發(fā)土壤微生物的活性增強。油松人工林土壤微生物量碳含量在8年林地最低,在22年林地達到最高值,而到42年時有所下降。油松人工林土壤微生物量碳的含量從8年到22年迅速提高,而到PF42又有所下降說明土壤微生物量碳的累積主要在油松人工林的幼齡林到中齡林階段。土壤微生物量氮含量卻隨年齡增長而下降。土壤微生物量氮的持續(xù)下降的原因主要是溫帶森林土壤氮較高的礦化率和淋溶作用。土壤微生物量碳和氮含量在天然次生林均高于不同林齡的人工林,而Cmic/Nmic、Cmic/SOC、和Nmic/TN在天然次生林均低于不同林齡人工林。對于油松人工林,Cmic/SOC和Nmic/TN值在22年林地最高。土壤蔗糖酶、堿性磷酸酶、脲酶和過氧化物酶的活性在植物光合作用活性達到峰值的夏季均高于其他季節(jié)。土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性在四個季節(jié)均有顯著差異,堿性磷酸酶活性在春季和夏季有顯著差異。此外,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和堿性磷酸酶在油松人工林不同林齡階段均有顯著的變化。比如,脲酶活性隨林齡的增長而降低,堿性磷酸酶活性隨林齡的增長而提高,然而蔗糖酶活性在22年的林地達到最高,到42年時有所下降。與人工林相比,土壤脲酶、堿性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性在天然次生林相對較高。土壤微生物活性與土壤理化性質(zhì)的相關性在不同季節(jié)的表現(xiàn)不盡相同。在春季,所測四種酶活性指標均與土壤理化性質(zhì)存在顯著相關性。然而,土壤理化性質(zhì)與過氧化物酶活性在夏季和秋季無顯著相關性,與蔗糖酶、脲酶和堿性磷酸酶存在顯著相關性。土壤微生物量氮和全氮在四個季節(jié)均有顯著的相關性,而土壤微生物量碳和有機碳在冬季沒有顯著相關性,在其他三個季節(jié)有顯著相關。42年生油松人工林林下幼苗數(shù)量為244株/375m2,其中10年以上的幼苗占大約4%。而天然次生林的幼苗數(shù)量為547株/375m2,其中年齡大于10的幼苗數(shù)量占16%。天然次生林林下幼苗更新能力明顯強于油松人工林。說明油松天然次生林相比人工林可為幼苗的生長發(fā)育提供較好的生境和土壤條件。通過冗余分析可知,掉落物厚度層、植物覆蓋度、pH、土壤含水量、土壤有機碳、氨態(tài)氮、速效磷、全磷、速效鉀、全鉀、脲酶、蔗糖酶、微生物量碳、微生物量氮等因子與油松幼苗更新顯著相關,揭示了油松林發(fā)育過程中,土壤特征對幼苗更新有非常重要的影響。綜上所述,油松林土壤理化性質(zhì)、微生物量碳、微生物量氮、土壤酶活性隨季節(jié)變化和林齡的增長均有顯著的變化(p0.05)。土壤微生物量碳和氮含量在夏季和秋季顯著高于春季和冬季。隨著林玲變化土壤微生物量碳在油松人工林不同發(fā)育階段實現(xiàn)上升后下降,土壤微生物量氮隨著林玲下降。土壤脲酶、堿性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和過氧化物酶活性在夏季顯著高于其他季節(jié)。與油松人工林相比,天然次生林土壤脲酶、堿性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性較高。土壤微生物活性與土壤理化性質(zhì)的相關性在不同季節(jié)的表現(xiàn)不盡相同。土壤微生物量氮和全氮在四個季節(jié)均有顯著的相關性,而土壤微生物量碳和有機碳在冬季沒有顯著相關性,在其他三個季節(jié)有顯著相關。林下幼苗更新數(shù)量和年齡結構多樣性在油松天然次生林高于人工林。因此說在黃土高原地區(qū)油松天然次生林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在維持土壤質(zhì)量方面優(yōu)于油松人工林。因此,在黃土高原油松人工林經(jīng)營過程中,以天然次生林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為參考,進一步對人工林實施近自然經(jīng)營措施,對人工林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)包括土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展有很重要的意義。
[Abstract]:As a pioneer species of Pinus tabulaeformis in the Loess Plateau, because of its cold, drought and barren resistance characteristics were as the main work forest tree species widely cultivated. Preliminary study on Pinus tabulaeformis have found that pine after afforestation increased with forest age and soil physical and chemical properties have a series of changes, these changes on Soil microbial activity the soil enzyme activity will have a profound impact, thereby affecting the growth of trees and seedlings. But this research is still lacking, especially the research on the influence mechanism. This study aims to reveal the influence of Pinus tabulaeformis Plantation on soil enzyme activity and microbe and its seasonal changes, provide the basis for the sustainable management of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation. The study site is located in the Loess Plateau, the plateau Fuxian Ziwuling forest. Monks were selected in 8 years old (PF8), 22 years (PF22) and 42 years (PF42). Pinus tabulaeformis Plantation and natural forest of Pinus tabulaeformis, about 70 years of age (NSF). The standard samples of each type of stand set 3 20m * 20m. In the standard plots in type S soil samples were collected. The soil samples were mainly determined soil physical and chemical properties, soil enzyme activity and soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in three the seedling index. Select the mature plantation and natural forest (PF42) (NF) were investigated. The study found that the age and season on the other soil indexes were significant except total nitrogen outside. Soil pH, total nitrogen, organic carbon and phosphorus content in summer is the highest, and the soil carbon nitrogen ratio is the highest in autumn. The physical and chemical properties of soil in Pinus tabulaeformis Plantation in different stages is different. For example, the soil bulk density, temperature, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus content decreased with the increase of age; while the water content of soil porosity, total potassium, available potassium and The organic carbon increased gradually with the increase of forest age. The content of Pinus tabulaeformis natural forest soil nutrient elements were higher than that of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation, the seasonal variation law is in summer and autumn than in spring and winter. Pine soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content were higher in summer than in autumn, spring and winter. The reason can be understood as: the plant has strong photosynthetic capacity in the summer, to root secrete more carbohydrates, enhance and stimulate soil microbial activity of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation. Soil microbial biomass carbon content in 8 years in 22 years of woodland, woodland reached the highest value, and by the 42 year decline. The content of soil microbial biomass carbon in Pinus tabulaeformis plantation from 8 years to 22 years to improve rapidly, and PF42 decreased that accumulation of soil microbial biomass carbon in Pinus tabulaeformis Plantation to forest stage. The soil microbial biomass nitrogen The amount was decreased with age. The reason for declining soil microbial biomass nitrogen is mainly temperate forest soil nitrogen mineralization rate and higher leaching. Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content were higher than those of different ages in the natural secondary forest and plantation, Cmic/Nmic, Cmic/SOC, and Nmic/TN in the natural secondary forest were lower than those of different the age of plantation. The plantation of Pinus tabulaeformis, Cmic/SOC and Nmic/TN in 22 years. The highest value of woodland soil invertase, alkaline phosphatase, urease and peroxidase activity in plant photosynthesis activity reached the peak of the summer season. He was higher than the soil urease and invertase activity in the four seasons had significant differences, there are significant differences in the the spring and summer of alkaline phosphatase activity. In addition, the changes of soil urease, invertase and alkaline phosphatase in different age stages of Pinus tabulaeformis Plantation significantly. For example, urease activity Decreased with age increasing, alkaline phosphatase activity increased with the age increasing, but the invertase activity in the 22 years of woodland reached the highest in 42 years decreased. Compared with the plantation soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and invertase activity was relatively high in natural secondary forest. The relationship between physicochemical properties of soil microbial activity and the soil is not the same in different seasons. In spring, the four kinds of enzyme activity index had significant correlation with soil physicochemical properties. However, soil physicochemical properties and peroxidase activity in summer and fall, no significant correlation with invertase, urease and alkaline phosphatase in soil were significantly correlated. Microbial biomass nitrogen and total nitrogen in four seasons had significant correlation, and soil microbial biomass and organic carbon had no significant correlation in the winter, in the other three seasons were significantly related to.42 years old The number of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings under Lin Lin for 244 strains of /375m2, of which 10 years of seedlings accounted for about 4%. and the number of natural forest seedlings was 547 plants /375m2, the age of more than 10 seedlings accounted for 16%. of natural secondary Lin Lin seedlings was stronger than that of natural forest of Pinus tabulaeformis Plantation. Pinus tabulaeformis plantation can provide better than the habitat and soil conditions for the growth and development of seedlings. Through redundancy analysis, falling object thickness, plant coverage, pH, soil moisture, soil organic carbon, ammonia nitrogen, available phosphorus, total phosphorus, available potassium, total potassium, urease, invertase, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen update factor and pine seedlings significantly correlated, reveals the process of Pinus tabulaeformis forest development, soil characteristics has very important influence on seedling regeneration. In summary, the physicochemical properties of Pinus tabulaeformis forest soil, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass, soil enzyme Changes in the growth of activity changes with the seasons and age were significantly (P0.05). Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content in summer and autumn was significantly higher than that in spring and winter. Along with the changes of soil microbial biomass carbon Lin Ling in Pinus tabulaeformis Plantation in different developmental stages to achieve increased and then decreased, soil microbial biomass nitrogen with Lin Ling decreased. Soil Urease Activities. Alkaline phosphatase, invertase and peroxidase activity in summer was significantly higher than that in other seasons. Compared with the natural secondary forest of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation, soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and invertase activity. The higher correlation between the physicochemical properties of soil microbial activity and soil vary in different seasons. Soil microbial biomass nitrogen and total nitrogen in the correlation between the four the season was significantly, while soil microbial biomass and organic carbon had no significant correlation in the winter, in the other three seasons are significantly related. The young forest Update the seedling number and age structure of diversity in natural secondary forest was higher than that of the plantation of Pinus tabulaeformis. So that in the Loess Plateau area of secondary natural Pinus tabulaeformis forest ecosystem in maintaining soil quality is better than that of Pinus tabulaeformis Plantation in Loess Plateau. Therefore, Chinese pine plantation management process in natural secondary forest ecosystem for reference, further implementation of near natural management measures on the plantation, the plantation ecosystem including the sustainable development of soil ecosystem has very important significance.

【學位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S714.3

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