本文選題：土壤鹽堿化　切入點(diǎn)：動(dòng)態(tài)變化　出處：《中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué)(中國(guó)科學(xué)院教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：渭北地區(qū)是陜西省的第二糧倉(cāng),但該地區(qū)土壤鹽堿化問(wèn)題較突出,土壤犁底層容重較大,內(nèi)澇災(zāi)害和土壤次生鹽漬化比較嚴(yán)重。目前,對(duì)渭北地區(qū)土壤鹽堿化的研究主要圍繞著鹵泊灘展開(kāi),對(duì)渭北地區(qū)土壤鹽堿化動(dòng)態(tài)分布及成因研究較少,尤其是犁底層土壤緊實(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)該區(qū)土壤鹽堿化的影響尚不清楚。因此,從區(qū)域尺度研究渭北地區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤鹽堿化問(wèn)題、探究犁底層對(duì)土壤水鹽運(yùn)移的影響有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)和科學(xué)意義。本研究以陜西渭北農(nóng)田土壤為研究對(duì)象,通過(guò)10 km×10km網(wǎng)格布點(diǎn)法進(jìn)行野外調(diào)查采樣,明確了渭北農(nóng)田土壤鹽分類型、土壤鹽分空間分布特征,揭示了土壤物理性質(zhì)對(duì)剖面土壤鹽分的影響;通過(guò)定位監(jiān)測(cè),分析了土壤鹽堿化的年內(nèi)動(dòng)態(tài)變化及水、熱、鹽之間的關(guān)系;以交口抽渭灌區(qū)和洛惠灌區(qū)為典型區(qū),分析了灌區(qū)土壤鹽堿化年際動(dòng)態(tài)變化;通過(guò)室內(nèi)模擬試驗(yàn),針對(duì)地下水淺埋區(qū)犁底層容重對(duì)水鹽運(yùn)移的影響進(jìn)行了探討。本研究的主要結(jié)論如下:(1)陜西渭北地區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤陰離子以Cl-和SO42-為主,硫酸鹽型土壤點(diǎn)位比約55.9%,陽(yáng)離子以Na+為主,鈉鹽型土壤點(diǎn)位比約41.2%。土壤以非鹽漬化和輕度鹽漬化為主,約占76.2%,剖面土壤含鹽量隨土層深度的增加而增加,存在土壤鹽漬化加劇的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。(2)土壤電導(dǎo)率在高含鹽量區(qū)呈現(xiàn)出夏季秋季春季冬季的趨勢(shì),在低含鹽量區(qū)呈現(xiàn)出春季夏季秋季冬季的趨勢(shì)。高含鹽量區(qū)電導(dǎo)率受多種因素的綜合影響,低含鹽量區(qū)主要受溫度和海拔的影響。溫度對(duì)電導(dǎo)率的影響隨著土層深度增加而減小,但水分對(duì)電導(dǎo)率的影響隨著土層深度的增加而增加。一年之中,水分對(duì)電導(dǎo)率的影響大于溫度,且土壤水分在15%~30%(相當(dāng)于質(zhì)量含水量11%~21%)范圍內(nèi)對(duì)電導(dǎo)率具有明顯影響。(3)兩大灌區(qū)近10年內(nèi)土壤鹽堿化面積呈上升趨勢(shì)。灌區(qū)土壤鹽堿化面積的動(dòng)態(tài)變化受到排灌措施的影響,交口抽渭灌區(qū)的灌溉畝次是土壤鹽堿化的主要影響因素,土壤鹽堿化面積隨著灌溉畝次的增加而增加。(4)土壤顆粒組成僅影響0-20 cm的含鹽量,容重和團(tuán)聚體對(duì)剖面含鹽量的影響表現(xiàn)出明顯的異位影響,且這種異位影響與含鹽量水平有關(guān)。土壤含鹽量1 g/kg時(shí),40-60 cm土壤容重與20-40 cm含鹽量是冪函數(shù)關(guān)系呈遞增趨勢(shì);含鹽量2 g/kg時(shí),0-20 cm土壤容重與20-40 cm含鹽量是一次函數(shù)關(guān)系呈遞減趨勢(shì),其中當(dāng)含鹽量在2~4 g/kg時(shí),20-40 cm土壤容重與0-20 cm含鹽量是一次函數(shù)關(guān)系呈遞增趨勢(shì)。含鹽量2 g/kg時(shí),20-40 cm水穩(wěn)性團(tuán)聚體與0-20 cm含鹽量之間呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān);含鹽量2 g/kg時(shí),水穩(wěn)性團(tuán)聚體與含鹽量之間無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。(5)緊實(shí)犁底層可阻礙水鹽自下而上遷移,抑制表土積鹽。隨著犁底層土壤容重的增加,各土層土壤電導(dǎo)率呈拋物線型變化。犁底層容重影響耕層土壤積鹽的臨界值為1.60 g/cm3。對(duì)于地下水淺埋區(qū),當(dāng)犁底層容重大于該臨界值時(shí),保留犁底層有利于防止地下水中鹽分表聚。當(dāng)犁底層容重小于該臨界值時(shí),可考慮適當(dāng)打破犁底層,減小毛管作用,防止下層鹽分表聚。
[Abstract]:Weibei area in Shaanxi province is the second granary, but the problem of soil salinization in this area is relatively outstanding, plow soil bulk density, soil salinization and waterlogging disaster is more serious. At present, the research on the saline alkali soil in Weibei area is mainly on the lubotan, the saline alkali soil in Weibei area of distribution and the causes of dynamic less, especially the influence of plough layer soil compaction on soil salinity in the area of structure is not clear. Therefore, the soil salinization problem research in regional scale north area, has important practical and scientific significance to explore effects of plow on soil water and salt transport. In this study, the soil of farmland in Shaanxi in the north as the research object, through field investigation and sampling by 10 km * 10km grid, clear in soil salinity North farmland types, distribution characteristics of soil salinity in space, reveals the soil physical properties on soil profile Effects of soil salinity; through location monitoring, analyzing the dynamic changes of soil salinization and water, the relationship between years of heat, salt; in Jiaokou irrigation area and irrigation area is a typical area of Luohui irrigation, analysis of soil salinization interannual dynamic change; through simulation test, the needle has carried on the discussion to the shallow groundwater buried area of plough layer density effects on water and salt transport. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) Shaanxi Weibei area soil anion by Cl- and SO42-, the sulfate type soil point is about 55.9%, mainly in Na+ type sodium cation, soil point about 41.2%. in soil and mild salinity. About 76.2%, increase soil salt content decreased with soil depth increasing, there is a risk of soil salinization. (2) the soil conductivity in high salinity area showed a trend of spring summer autumn winter, in the low salinity zone Showing the spring summer autumn winter trend. High salinity zone conductivity is affected by many factors, the effect of low salinity region is mainly affected by temperature and altitude. The effect of temperature on the conductivity decreases with the increase of soil depth, but the effect of water conductivity increases with the increase of soil depth in a year. And the effect of water on conductivity is greater than the temperature, and soil moisture in 15%~30% (equivalent to the quality of water within the range of 11%~21%) has obvious effect on the electrical conductivity. (3) the two major irrigation areas in the past 10 years soil salinization area increased. The dynamic changes of irrigation area soil salinization area affected by irrigation and drainage measures, Jiaokou in pumping irrigation acres is the main influencing factors of soil salinization, soil salinization area increased with the increase of irrigation times. (4 acres) of soil particle composition affects only the amount of salt 0-20 cm, bulk density and The ectopic aggregates influence on the effect of salinity profiles, and the effects of ectopic and salinity levels. The soil salt content of 1 g/kg, 40-60 cm and 20-40 cm soil salt content is the power function relationship showed an increasing trend; the salt content of 2 g/kg, 0-20 cm soil volume weight with 20-40 cm salt is a function of the decreasing trend, when the salt content in 2~4 g/kg, 20-40 cm and 0-20 cm soil salt content is a function of the increasing trend. The salt content of 2 g/kg, 20-40 cm and 0-20 cm water stable aggregates containing salt a significant negative correlation; the salt content of 2 g/kg, there was no significant correlation between water stable aggregates and salinity. (5) compaction plow can hinder water and salt migration inhibition of salt accumulation in topsoil from top to bottom, with the increase of the plow. The soil bulk density, soil conductivity was a parabola. The bulk density of the plow Influence of the critical value of soil salt accumulation was 1.60 g/cm3. for shallow groundwater area when the plow density is higher than the critical value, retain the plough layer to prevent groundwater salt accumulation. When the plow density is less than the critical value, could be considered appropriate to break the plough layer, reduce capillary effect, prevent the lower salt poly.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué)(中國(guó)科學(xué)院教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S156.4

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