本文關(guān)鍵詞： 黃土高原 植被生態(tài)系統(tǒng) 土壤性質(zhì) 土壤真菌 土壤細(xì)菌　出處：《中國科學(xué)院研究生院（教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心）》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：黃土高原土壤侵蝕,植被破壞,土壤質(zhì)量下降,嚴(yán)重威脅著人類賴以生存的土地資源。近年來開展了一系列的退耕還林(草)生態(tài)建設(shè)工程,對土壤質(zhì)量的改善起到了至關(guān)重要的作用。本文選取黃土土丘陵區(qū)不同植被區(qū)典型植被類型區(qū)為研究對象,研究了不同植被生態(tài)系統(tǒng)下土壤基本理化性質(zhì)、生態(tài)化學(xué)計(jì)量學(xué)特征、土壤微生物多樣性等特征,以探討植被恢復(fù)過程中不同植被生態(tài)系統(tǒng)下土壤微生物多樣性變化。主要結(jié)論如下:(1)黃土高原從南到北,不同植被生態(tài)系統(tǒng)土壤性質(zhì)差異顯著,森林植被生態(tài)系統(tǒng)土壤全氮、全磷、有機(jī)質(zhì)以及速效養(yǎng)分含量較高,沙區(qū)植被生態(tài)系統(tǒng)較低;森林植被生態(tài)系統(tǒng)pH值以及土壤容重較低,沙區(qū)植被較低。森林植被對土壤的改良作用明顯,有助于養(yǎng)分的累積與土壤結(jié)構(gòu)的改良。(2)黃土高原陜北地區(qū)土壤速效養(yǎng)分除速效磷外其他均隨著緯度的增加逐漸減小,土壤pH與土壤容重從南到北逐漸升高。土壤有機(jī)碳、全氮、全磷含量均隨著緯度的升高而降低,土壤有機(jī)碳與全氮的空間分布具有一致性。土壤的C:N比受氣候變化影響較小,變異性小,在黃土高原隨緯度的升高無明顯的變化。相比土壤的C:N比,土壤C:P比、N:P比變異性較大,隨著緯度的升高顯著地下降。森林植被有利于土壤碳氮磷元素含量的累積,相對于高緯度地區(qū),低緯度地區(qū)更容易缺磷;沙區(qū)及荒漠植被區(qū)土壤容重以及土壤養(yǎng)分含量較低,不利于植被的生長,其植被生長主要受N含量控制。(3)通過454高通量二代測序技術(shù),測定黃土高原不同植被類型土壤細(xì)菌特征,研究結(jié)果表明:所有土壤樣品共檢測到36個(gè)門,84個(gè)綱,187個(gè)目。草原植被下的土壤細(xì)菌多樣性最為豐富,森林植被區(qū)最小。土壤的理化性質(zhì)對土壤細(xì)菌的相對豐度具有重要的影響。高通量測序所得序列分屬于細(xì)菌的36個(gè)門,其中主要的門包括酸桿菌門(Actinobacteria)、變形菌門(Proteobacteria)、綠彎菌門(Chloroflexi)、放線菌門(Acidobacteria)、浮霉菌門(Planctomycetes)、芽單胞菌門(Gemmatimonadetes)、擬桿菌門(Bacteroidetes)、裝甲菌門(Armatimonadetes)、未分類細(xì)菌(Bacteria_unclassified)、厚壁菌門(Firmicutes)、藍(lán)藻菌門(Cyanobacteria),其中屬于酸桿菌門(Actinobacteria)、變形菌門(Proteobacteria)、綠彎菌門(Chloroflexi)、放線菌門(Acidobacteria)、浮霉菌門(Planctomycetes)門的序列總和占所有序列的80%以上。森林植被生態(tài)系統(tǒng)主要以變形菌門(Proteobacteria)為主,沙區(qū)植被生態(tài)系統(tǒng)主要以酸桿菌門(Actinobacteria)為主。土壤pH、容重、土壤水分、有機(jī)質(zhì)、總氮、總磷、微生物量碳、碳磷比、氮磷比是影響土壤微生物的主要因子。黃土高原細(xì)菌分布的空間分布具有生物地理學(xué)規(guī)律。酸桿菌門(Actinobacteria)在沙區(qū)植被生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中相對較多,主要受緯度的影響,變形菌門(Proteobacteria)在草原植被生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中出現(xiàn)較多。土壤總磷、土壤水分、有機(jī)碳及碳磷比是影響樣品物種分布的最主要的因子。(4)對土壤真菌基因組ITS序列進(jìn)行高通量測序,發(fā)現(xiàn)測序數(shù)據(jù)量合理,基本反映出實(shí)際樣品的生物信息。一共檢測到10個(gè)真菌門(Phylum)、28個(gè)綱(Class)、48個(gè)目(Order)、61個(gè)科(Familiy)、69個(gè)屬(Genus)。真菌門包括:Ascomycota(子囊菌門)、Basidiomycota(擔(dān)子菌門)、Chytridiomycota(壺菌門)、Glomeromycota(球囊菌門)。在門分類學(xué)水平上,主要優(yōu)勢均為子囊菌門(Ascomycota),擔(dān)子菌門(Basidiomycota),壺菌門(Chytridiomycota)和球囊菌門(Glomeromycota)。影響子囊菌、擔(dān)子菌的主要因素為土壤容重、土壤總磷、土壤含水量等因素。
[Abstract]:Soil erosion of the Loess Plateau, vegetation destruction, soil degradation, a serious threat to human survival of the land resources. In recent years carried out a series of returning farmland to forest (grass) ecological construction project, a key role in improving the quality of the soil. This paper selects the typical vegetation in different vegetation types in yellow soil in hilly area as the research object, study the ecosystem under different vegetation soil physicochemical properties, ecological stoichiometry, characteristics of soil microbial diversity, in order to restore the process of vegetation ecosystem under different vegetation soil microbial diversity. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the Loess Plateau from south to north, the difference of soil properties in different vegetation the ecological system significantly, soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus in forest vegetation ecosystem, organic matter and available nutrient content is higher, the lower sandy vegetation ecosystem; forest vegetation The system pH value and soil bulk density low, sand vegetation is low. The improvement effect of forest vegetation on soil obviously, improved soil structure and nutrient accumulation of help. (2) the Loess Plateau soil available nutrients except available phosphorus were gradually reduced with the increase of latitude, soil pH and soil bulk density increased gradually from South to north. Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus content were decreased with increasing latitude, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen are consistent. The spatial distribution of soil C:N than less affected by climate change and variability, in the Loess Plateau with increasing latitude. There was no obvious change in soil the C:N ratio of soil C:P ratio, N:P is larger than the variability, with the increase of latitude decreased significantly. Forest vegetation is conducive to the accumulation of soil carbon and nitrogen phosphorus content, relative to the high latitudes and low latitudes are more likely to phosphorus deficiency and sandy area; Desert soil bulk density and soil nutrient content is low, is not conducive to the growth of vegetation, the vegetation growth is mainly affected by the content of N. (3) through 454 high-throughput two generation sequencing technology, the determination of soil bacterial characteristics of different vegetation types in Loess Plateau, the results showed that all soil samples were detected 36, 84 classes, 187 orders. The grassland vegetation under the soil bacterial diversity is the most abundant, the smallest forest vegetation area. Has an important effect on the relative abundance of soil physical and chemical properties of soil bacteria. High-throughput sequence 36 belong to the bacteria, which mainly includes the door acidobacteria (Actinobacteria) (Proteobacteria), Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi (Chloroflexi), actinobacteria (Acidobacteria), planctomycetes (Planctomycetes), gemmatimonadetes (Gemmatimonadetes), Bacteroidetes (Bacteroidetes), Armatimonadetes (armored door bacteria ), unclassified bacteria (Bacteria_unclassified), Firmicutes (Firmicutes), cyanobacteria door (Cyanobacteria), which belong to the phylum acidobacteria (Actinobacteria) (Proteobacteria), Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi (Chloroflexi), actinobacteria (Acidobacteria), planctomycetes (Planctomycetes) sequence sum the door accounted for more than 80%. All sequences of forest ecosystem mainly Proteobacteria (Proteobacteria), desert vegetation ecosystem mainly acidobacteria (Actinobacteria). Soil pH, bulk density, soil moisture, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, microbial biomass carbon, carbon phosphorus ratio, ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is the main factor influencing soil microbial bacteria distribution of Loess Plateau. The spatial distribution of the biogeography law. Acidobacteria (Actinobacteria) are relatively abundant in desert ecosystem vegetation, mainly affected by latitude, Proteobacteria (Proteobacteria) There is more in the ecosystem of grassland vegetation. Soil total phosphorus, soil moisture, organic carbon and carbon phosphorus ratio is the effect of sample species distribution factors. (4) high flux sequencing on soil fungal genomic ITS sequence, we found that reasonable sequencing data, basic biological information reflects the actual samples were detected. 10 fungi (Phylum), 28 class (Class), 48 eyes (Order), 61 families, 69 genera (Familiy) (Genus). Fungi include: Ascomycota (Ascomycota), Basidiomycota (Basidiomycota), Chytridiomycota (Chytridiomycota), Glomeromycota (balloon the door in the door). Bacteria taxonomic level, the main advantages are Ascomycota, Basidiomycota (Ascomycota) (Basidiomycota), Chytridiomycota (Chytridiomycota) and Glomeromycota (Glomeromycota). The main factors influence Ascomycetes, basidiomycetes as soil bulk density, soil total phosphorus, soil moisture and other factors.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)院研究生院（教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心）
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S154.3

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