本文關(guān)鍵詞： 秸稈改良 農(nóng)田土壤 吸附 淋溶 形態(tài) 玉米生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：隨著我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,化肥施用量逐年遞增,目前我國(guó)單位面積化肥用量已遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)世界平均水平。大量施用化肥帶來(lái)了諸多生態(tài)和環(huán)境問(wèn)題,肥料利用率低導(dǎo)致環(huán)境污染的現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)越來(lái)越明顯。秸稈是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中重要的生物質(zhì)資源,其中含有大量的有機(jī)質(zhì)、氮、磷、鉀以及微量營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素,如果將秸稈資源合理利用,對(duì)提高農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)能力將具有十分重要的作用。秸稈還田技術(shù)能夠?qū)⒔斩捴兄参锷L(zhǎng)所需要的部分營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素歸還到土壤中,減小土壤養(yǎng)分的耗竭程度,這是直接利用秸稈資源的有效途徑。目前,我國(guó)對(duì)秸稈還田技術(shù)的應(yīng)用已有大量研究,但對(duì)于不同施肥模式下秸稈還田后對(duì)土壤氮和磷形態(tài)以及玉米生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響缺乏系統(tǒng)研究。本文以遼河源頭區(qū)耕地土壤為研究對(duì)象,通過(guò)對(duì)秸稈性能的表征、秸稈改良土壤的吸附和淋溶實(shí)驗(yàn)、盆栽試驗(yàn)和田間試驗(yàn),研究傳統(tǒng)施肥模式和測(cè)土配方施肥模式下,將破碎秸稈、腐熟秸稈、0.5%秸稈炭(炭/土)、1.0%秸稈炭和2.0%秸稈炭分別還田后對(duì)土壤氮磷形態(tài)和玉米生長(zhǎng)特征的影響,以期為利用秸稈還田有效控制面源污染提供理論依據(jù)。(1)電鏡掃描結(jié)果表明,破碎秸稈表面比較粗糙,秸稈纖維清晰可見(jiàn),腐熟秸稈表面比破碎秸稈規(guī)則、有序,秸稈炭表面粗糙、孔壁被燒蝕;傅里葉紅外光譜圖解析結(jié)果表明,破碎秸稈、腐熟秸稈和秸稈炭均含有酚羥基或醇羥基及含磷官能團(tuán)。(2)模擬吸附實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,不同處理的秸稈添加土壤對(duì)銨態(tài)氮吸附速率和吸附量大小均為秸稈炭破碎秸稈腐熟秸稈;對(duì)磷酸根吸附速率和吸附量大小均為秸稈炭破碎秸稈,腐熟秸稈對(duì)磷酸根負(fù)吸附。Freundlich方程能更好的描述銨態(tài)氮和磷酸根的吸附熱力學(xué)過(guò)程,吸附動(dòng)力學(xué)都符合偽二階動(dòng)力學(xué)方程。(3)模擬淋溶實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,秸稈不同處理方式處理的土壤對(duì)硝態(tài)氮比銨態(tài)氮更容易淋失,水溶性磷變化較小;不同處理的秸稈添加土壤對(duì)土壤氮磷的淋失阻控作用大小為秸稈炭破碎秸稈腐熟秸稈,增強(qiáng)土壤對(duì)氮磷的吸附能力的秸稈炭處理,可以減少土壤氮磷的淋失量。(4)盆栽試驗(yàn)和田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)施肥模式和測(cè)土配方施肥模式秸稈炭處理能增加土壤銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮、速效氮和全氮的含量,隨秸稈炭添加量增加而增加,最高添加時(shí)(2.0%秸稈炭處理)增加更明顯;腐熟秸稈和破碎秸稈對(duì)銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮、速效氮和全氮的影響不明顯;不同處理的秸稈能增加土壤水溶性磷和速效磷含量,但土壤全磷量下降。田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,傳統(tǒng)施肥模式下,0-20cm土層中秋季的土壤速效氮、銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮含量高于春季;測(cè)土配方施肥模式下,0-20cm土層中春季的土壤速效氮、銨態(tài)氮和硝態(tài)氮含量高于秋季;不同施肥模式下0-40cm土層中秋季的土壤全氮含量高于春季。測(cè)土配方施肥模式下在0-0.25mm和0.25-0.5mm粒徑中土壤全氮含量高,0.25-0.5mm和0.5-1mm粒徑中土壤全磷含量高。(5)在不同施肥模式下,秸稈不同處理方式對(duì)玉米株高促進(jìn)作用的順序?yàn)?2.0%秸稈炭1.0%秸稈炭0.5%秸稈炭腐熟秸稈破碎秸稈;秸稈炭處理均能提高玉米的葉寬;在傳統(tǒng)施肥模式和測(cè)土配方施肥模式下,盆栽試驗(yàn)秸稈不同處理單穗籽粒重提高4%-8%,田間試驗(yàn)單穗籽粒重提高5%-7%;秸稈炭處理都能提高玉米產(chǎn)量(P0.05)。綜上,在測(cè)土配方施肥模式下秸稈炭對(duì)減少土壤氮磷的流失及促進(jìn)玉米生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育有積極作用,揭示了秸稈炭對(duì)土壤氮磷形態(tài)分布的影響機(jī)制,研究結(jié)果對(duì)于指導(dǎo)遼河源頭區(qū)合理施肥、有效控制面源污染具有重要意義。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of our country agriculture, fertilizer consumption increased year by year, China's per unit area of chemical fertilizer has far exceeded the average level of the world. A large number of chemical fertilizers has brought many ecological and environmental problems, low fertilizer utilization rate leads to environmental pollution phenomenon is more and more obvious. The straw is an important biomass resource in agricultural production system. Which contains organic matter, large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements, if the rational use of straw resources, will play a very important role to increase the production capacity of sustainable agriculture. Straw also field technique can be part of nutrient elements in straw plant growth to return to the soil, reduce soil nutrient depletion degree this is the effective way of direct utilization of straw resources. At present, the existing of straw returning technology application in our country a lot of research, but for under different fertilization patterns The effects of straw application on soil nitrogen and phosphorus form and the growth of maize. The lack of arable soil in Liaohe River Basin as the research object, through the characterization of straw properties, adsorption and leaching experiment of straw modified soil, pot experiment and field experiment research of traditional fertilization and fertilization mode. The crushed straw, rotten straw, 0.5% straw charcoal (carbon / soil), 1% straw carbon and 2% straw charcoal respectively after returning on the growth characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil and maize, in order to provide theoretical basis for the use of straw to effectively control non-point source pollution. (1) SEM results showed that straw crushing the surface is rough, straw fiber is clearly visible, rotten straw straw surface than broken rules, orderly, straw carbon surface roughness, the hole wall is ablated; Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis results show that the broken straw compost 縐哥鍜岀Ц縐嗙偔鍧囧惈鏈夐厷緹熷熀鎴栭唶緹熷熀鍙?qiáng)鍚偡瀹樿兘鍥?(2)妯℃嫙鍚擱檮瀹為獙緇撴灉琛ㄦ槑,涓嶅悓澶勭悊鐨勭Ц縐嗘坊鍔犲湡澹ゅ閾墊，

本文編號(hào)：1534141