本文關(guān)鍵詞： 高吸水性樹(shù)脂 殼聚糖 尿素 緩釋 水肥調(diào)控　出處：《仲愷農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)院》2015年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：肥料利用率低和水資源短缺是制約我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的兩大主要因素,如何提高肥料和水的利用率就成為迫切需要解決的問(wèn)題。保水型緩/控釋肥料是具有吸水、保水和養(yǎng)分緩釋功能的新型肥料,可以達(dá)到水肥一體化調(diào)控效果。為進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化保水型緩釋肥料的緩釋效果,本文在研究殼聚糖(Chitosan,CS)分子量及其濃度、增塑劑和交聯(lián)劑對(duì)殼聚糖膜性能影響的基礎(chǔ)上,以5萬(wàn)、20萬(wàn)和50萬(wàn)3種分子量的殼聚糖為包膜材料,制備了殼聚糖(CS)包膜尿素,進(jìn)而以分子量50萬(wàn)的殼聚糖為內(nèi)包膜材料,分別以3種高吸水性樹(shù)脂(Super absorbent polymer,SAP)P(AA-AM)、P(AA-AMPS)、P(AA-AM-AMPS)為外包膜材料,制備了高吸水性樹(shù)脂-殼聚糖(SAP-CS)復(fù)式包膜尿素,通過(guò)肥料物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)測(cè)定、水中溶出率和土柱淋溶試驗(yàn),對(duì)肥料綜合性能進(jìn)行了研究,得出以下結(jié)論:(1)殼聚糖的成膜性與其溶液的粘度有很大關(guān)系,相對(duì)分子量和濃度越大,溶液的粘度越大。濃度為2%時(shí),分子量為5萬(wàn)、20萬(wàn)和50萬(wàn)的殼聚糖膜均表現(xiàn)出良好的成膜性。增塑劑聚乙烯醇、交聯(lián)劑戊二醛的加入都不同程度的改善了殼聚糖膜的性能,但增塑劑甘油的效果不明顯。應(yīng)用濃度2%(m/V)、分子量為50萬(wàn)的殼聚糖,聚乙烯醇用量為0.85%(m/V)、戊二醛用量為0.5%(V/V)時(shí),殼聚糖膜的拉伸強(qiáng)度、斷裂伸長(zhǎng)率和溶脹度均表現(xiàn)出良好的性能,是殼聚糖膜制備的最佳工藝條件。此時(shí),殼聚糖膜的拉伸強(qiáng)度為39.5MPa,斷裂伸長(zhǎng)率為52.3%,溶脹度為6.85%。(2)殼聚糖分子量、交聯(lián)劑戊二醛、密封劑石蠟和增塑劑聚乙烯醇都能顯著影響CS包膜尿素的氮素緩釋性能。選用分子量為50萬(wàn)的殼聚糖,包膜量為3%,密封劑用量為20%,聚乙烯醇用量為0.85%,戊二醛用量為0.5%是制備CS包膜尿素的最佳工藝條件。此時(shí),CS包膜尿素的氮素初級(jí)溶出率為68.38%,7天累積溶出率為76.40%。(3)在CS包膜尿素的基礎(chǔ)上制備了SAP-CS復(fù)式包膜尿素。以P(AA-AM)為外膜,通過(guò)對(duì)殼聚糖包膜量、石蠟、膠黏劑和表面交聯(lián)劑等因素進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,殼聚糖的分子量為50萬(wàn),包膜量為3%,外膜P(AA-AM)包膜量為10%,水作為膠黏劑,表面交聯(lián)劑用量為10%,不用石蠟做密封劑是比較適宜的制備條件。此時(shí),SAP-CS復(fù)式包膜尿素的緩釋效果較明顯,在水中的初級(jí)溶出率為39.8%,7天累積溶出率為68.59%。(4)SAP-CS復(fù)式包膜尿素具有良好的水肥調(diào)控效果。水中溶出率表明,不同包膜量的SAP-CS復(fù)式包膜尿素的吸水倍率和氮素釋放速率均不同程度的較SAP包膜尿素改善,且隨包膜量的增加效果愈加明顯。SAP-CS復(fù)式包膜尿素的初級(jí)溶出率介于38.9%-56.57%,7天累積溶出率介于75.78%-94.11%,較SAP包膜尿素,吸水倍率增加4.14%-19.21%,初級(jí)溶出率降低22.55%-25.74%,7天累積溶出率降低5.87%-16.58%。SAP-CS復(fù)式包膜尿素在土壤中的養(yǎng)分釋放規(guī)律與在水中相似,但在土壤中的緩釋效果更顯著。相對(duì)于普通尿素,高吸水性樹(shù)脂與尿素混施和SAP包膜尿素,SAP-CS復(fù)式包膜尿素的氮素累積淋出率分別減少7.76%-9.23%、12.87%-22.99%、13.47%-29.59%。綜合比較,P(AA-AM-AMPS)制備的包膜尿素的水肥調(diào)控效果均優(yōu)于P(AA-AM)、P(AA-AMPS)制備的包膜尿素。
[Abstract]:The fertilizer utilization rate is low and the shortage of water resources are the two major factors restricting the sustainable development of agriculture in China, how to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer and water becomes an urgent problem to be solved. The water holding slow / controlled release fertilizer is a new fertilizer with water absorption, water retention and slow-release function, can achieve the integration of water and fertilizer regulation effect. In order to further optimize the release effect of water retaining fertilizer, based on the study of chitosan (Chitosan, CS) molecular weight and concentration, the basic effect of plasticizer and crosslinking agent on the properties of chitosan membrane, with 50 thousand, 200 thousand and 500 thousand and 3 kinds of molecular weight chitosan as coating materials, preparation of chitosan (CS) coated urea, and with molecular weight of 500 thousand chitosan as coating materials, respectively, with 3 kinds of super absorbent resin (Super absorbent, polymer, SAP) P (AA-AM), P (AA-AMPS), P (AA-AM-AMPS) as coating material, high water absorbent preparation Chitosan resin (SAP-CS) coated urea by physical and chemical properties of fertilizer determination rate and soil column leaching test water dissolution, the comprehensive performance of the fertilizer was studied, draw the following conclusions: (1) has a lot of chitosan film and its solution viscosity, molecular weight and concentration large, the greater the viscosity of the solution. When the concentration is 2%, the molecular weight of 50 thousand, 200 thousand and 500 thousand chitosan membrane showed good film-forming properties. The plasticizer of polyvinyl alcohol, adding glutaraldehyde are different degree of improving the properties of chitosan membrane, but the effect of plasticizer glycerin the application is obvious. The concentration of 2% (m/V), the molecular weight of 500 thousand chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol (m/V) was 0.85%, the amount of glutaraldehyde was 0.5% (V/V), tensile strength, elongation and swelling degree showed a good performance, is the best preparation process of chitosan membrane . at this time, the tensile strength of chitosan membrane was 39.5MPa, elongation was 52.3%, the swelling degree of 6.85%. (2) the molecular weight of chitosan, glutaraldehyde, paraffin sealant and plasticizer of polyvinyl alcohol can significantly affect the performance of CS coated urea nitrogen release. The molecular weight of 500 thousand chitosan coating quantity 3%, the sealant dosage was 20%, the polyvinyl alcohol is 0.85%, the dosage of glutaraldehyde is 0.5% is the optimal conditions for preparation of CS coated urea. At this time, CS coated urea nitrogen primary dissolution rate was 68.38%, 7 days cumulative dissolution rate of 76.40%. (3) based on CS coated urea were prepared on SAP-CS double coated urea. The P (AA-AM) into the outer membrane based on chitosan coated, paraffin wax, crosslinking agent and surface adhesive factors were optimized, the molecular weight of chitosan was 500 thousand, coating weight is 3%, P membrane (AA-AM) coating weight is 10%, water is used as an adhesive, table The surface crosslinking agent is 10%, no paraffin sealant is suitable for preparation conditions. At this time, SAP-CS coated urea release effect is obvious, the initial dissolution rate in water is 39.8%, 7 days cumulative dissolution rate of 68.59%. (4) SAP-CS double coated urea has good effect of water and fertilizer regulation rate. That water dissolution, release rate of different coating amount of SAP-CS coated urea nitrogen and water absorbency were different degrees of improvement compared with SAP coated urea, and the effect is more obvious with.SAP-CS coated urea dissolution rate of 38.9%-56.57% in primary dielectric coated amount increasing, 7 days cumulative dissolution rate is between 75.78%-94.11%, compared with SAP coating urea, water absorption rate increased by 4.14%-19.21%, the initial dissolution rate decreased 22.55%-25.74%, 7 days cumulative dissolution rate decreased 5.87%-16.58%.SAP-CS coated urea in soil nutrient release and water in a similar, But the sustained release effect in soil is more significant. Compared with common urea, high water absorbent resin mixed with urea and SAP coated urea, SAP-CS coated urea nitrogen accumulated leaching rates were reduced by 7.76%-9.23%, 12.87%-22.99%, 13.47%-29.59%. comparison, P (AA-AM-AMPS) preparation of coated urea fertilizer was better than P (AA-AM), P (AA-AMPS) preparation of coated urea.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：仲愷農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：TQ441.41

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