本文關(guān)鍵詞： 玉米 一次性施肥 新型肥料 氨揮發(fā) 肥料釋放　出處：《吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：東北地區(qū)是我國(guó)重要的玉米主產(chǎn)區(qū),該區(qū)域土壤類型主要為黑土。近年來(lái),為降低種植成本和勞動(dòng)力付出,農(nóng)民逐漸減少采用傳統(tǒng)的玉米分次施肥模式,而更傾向于進(jìn)行一次性施肥,因此緩控釋肥、穩(wěn)定性肥料等新型肥料的運(yùn)用逐漸增加。但是不同類型新型肥料在黑土春玉米上的一次性施用效果及氨揮發(fā)、N2O排放情況還尚不明確。因此,本研究在前人基礎(chǔ)上,采用大田試驗(yàn)對(duì)幾種新型肥料在黑土上的增產(chǎn)效果及氨揮發(fā)特性進(jìn)行研究,并利用N2O估算模型對(duì)各新型肥料的N2O排放損失進(jìn)行評(píng)估,以期為東北黑土地區(qū)春玉米的合理施氮提供理論依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1、施氮處理間春玉米的產(chǎn)量無(wú)明顯差異,且明顯高于不施氮(N0)處理。各施氮處理產(chǎn)量介于13002~14140 kg/hm2之間。與常規(guī)施肥(Con)相比,硅酸鹽包膜肥料增產(chǎn)顯著,增產(chǎn)幅度為5.06%,其余肥料達(dá)到平產(chǎn)水平。氮素吸收利用方面,與常規(guī)施肥(Con)相比,植物油包膜肥料(CRF)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)和硅酸鹽包膜肥料(SCF)可以促進(jìn)植株對(duì)氮素的吸收利用,提高氮肥表觀利用率1.5~14個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。2、高塔造粒(HT)、穩(wěn)定性肥料(SF)、植物油包膜肥料(CRF)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、脲甲醛(UF)、硅酸鹽包膜肥料(SCF)和肥包肥(MF)均能不同程度地抑制土壤氨揮發(fā)。與常規(guī)施肥(Con)相比,7種新型肥料可以降低氨揮發(fā)損失率45.1%~58.6%,土壤氨揮發(fā)損失量明顯減少9.48~12.31 kg N/hm2,而不同肥料處理之間氨揮發(fā)損失率以及土壤氨揮發(fā)損失量的差異不明顯。3、高塔造粒(HT)、摻混肥料(BB)N2O排放量較高,為氮肥施用量的0.67%~0.68%,其余施肥處理間N2O排放量差異不顯著,為氮肥施用量的0.65%。4、與常規(guī)施肥(Con)相比,植物油包膜肥料(CRF)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、硅酸鹽包膜肥料(SCF)、脲甲醛(UF)、穩(wěn)定性肥料(SF)和肥包肥(MF)可有效減少氮肥表觀損失7.8~56.3 kg/hm2,有效降低氮素表觀損失率3.5%~25.1%。同時(shí)在保證土壤氮素供應(yīng)前提下,降低無(wú)機(jī)氮累積量,有效維持玉米生育期間土壤無(wú)機(jī)氮含量不超過(guò)環(huán)境可接受范圍。5、植物油包膜肥料(CRF)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、硅酸鹽包膜肥料(SCF)和肥包肥(MF)的釋放期長(zhǎng),在28天,其釋放速率均低于80%。肥料中養(yǎng)分釋放的差異是導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)量、氨揮發(fā)以及氮素平衡指標(biāo)差異的原因。綜上所述,東北黑土地區(qū)一次性施肥模式可以推廣使用植物油包膜肥料(CRF)、脲甲醛(UF)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、硅酸鹽包膜肥料(SCF)和肥包肥(MF)等新型肥料,該新型肥料不僅降低了土壤氨揮發(fā)氣態(tài)損失量,有效抑制土壤硝化作用,同時(shí)提高植株對(duì)氮素的吸收利用。
[Abstract]:In recent years, in order to reduce the planting cost and labor force, farmers have gradually reduced the use of the traditional maize sub-fertilization model. Therefore, the use of slow controlled release fertilizer, stable fertilizer and other new fertilizers gradually increased, but different types of new fertilizers in the black soil spring maize one-off application effect and ammonia volatilization. N2O emission is still unclear. Therefore, based on the previous studies, field experiments were used to study the yield increasing effect and ammonia volatilization characteristics of several new fertilizers on black soil. The N2O emission loss of each new fertilizer was evaluated by using N2O estimation model in order to provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of nitrogen to spring maize in the black soil region of Northeast China. The main results are as follows: 1. There was no significant difference in the yield of spring maize between the treatments of nitrogen application. The yield of each nitrogen application treatment was between 13002U and 14140 kg/hm2. Compared with conventional fertilization, silicate coated fertilizer increased significantly. The yield increased by 5.06%, and the other fertilizers reached the level of average yield. Compared with the conventional fertilizer ConCon, the plant oil coated fertilizer (CRF) was used in the absorption and utilization of nitrogen. Sulfur coated urea (SCU) and silicate coated fertilizer (SCF) could promote the absorption and utilization of nitrogen, and increase the apparent utilization ratio of nitrogen fertilizer by 1.5 ~ 14 percentage points. Stable fertilizer (SFU), vegetable oil coated fertilizer (CRF), sulfur coated urea (SCUU), UF (UF). Both silicate coated fertilizer (SCF) and fertilizer coated fertilizer (MFF) could inhibit ammonia volatilization in soil to some extent. Seven new fertilizers can reduce ammonia volatilization loss rate of 45.1% and 58.6%, and soil ammonia volatilization loss can be significantly reduced by 9.48 ~ 12.31 kg / hm ~ (2) N / hm ~ (2). However, there was no significant difference in ammonia volatilization loss rate and soil ammonia volatilization loss rate between different fertilizer treatments. The difference of N2O emission between the other fertilization treatments was not significant, which was 0.65.4 of the nitrogen fertilizer application rate, compared with the conventional fertilization Con. Plant oil coated fertilizer (CRFN), sulfur coated urea (SCUU), silicate coated fertilizer (SCFU), urea formaldehyde (UFF). The apparent loss of nitrogen fertilizer was effectively reduced by SFF and MF). The apparent loss of nitrogen fertilizer was 7.8g / 56.3 kg/hm2. The apparent loss rate of nitrogen was effectively reduced by 3.5% and 25.1.The accumulation of inorganic nitrogen was reduced under the premise of ensuring the supply of soil nitrogen. The content of inorganic nitrogen in soil can not exceed the environmental acceptable range of 0.05 during the growing period of maize, the plant oil coated fertilizer CRFN, sulfur coated urea scu). The release period of silicate coated fertilizer (SCF) and fertilizer coated fertilizer (MFF) was longer, and the release rate was lower than 80% at 28 days. The difference of nutrient release in fertilizer resulted in yield. The reasons for the difference of ammonia volatilization and nitrogen balance index. To sum up, the one-off fertilization model in the black soil area of Northeast China can be used to popularize the use of vegetable oil coated fertilizer CRF, UF (UF). Sulfur coated urea, silicate coated fertilizer (SCF) and fertilizer coated fertilizer (MFF) are new fertilizers. This new fertilizer not only reduces the amount of ammonia volatilization gas loss in soil, but also effectively inhibits soil nitrification. At the same time, the absorption and utilization of nitrogen were improved.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S147.5;S513

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本文編號(hào)：1481042