本文關(guān)鍵詞： 牦牛糞 生物炭 納帕海 土壤微生物 生態(tài)特征 青稞生長　出處：《昆明理工大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：生物炭是由生物質(zhì)在缺氧條件熱解炭化而成。近年來常作為土壤碳基肥、改良劑應(yīng)用于農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域,也作為吸附劑、碳素儲(chǔ)存載體應(yīng)用于污染物去除和固碳減排等方面。為了深入探究牦牛糞生物炭輸入土壤對(duì)青稞生長、土壤理化性質(zhì)及土壤微生物多樣性、菌群結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,本研究選取納帕海高原濕地牦牛糞生物炭為研究對(duì)象,分別以0、1/16、1/8、1/4比例輸入土壤,以青稞作為供試作物,設(shè)置田間原位種植試驗(yàn),結(jié)合室內(nèi)分析,探索牦牛糞生物質(zhì)與制得牦牛糞生物炭理化性質(zhì)特征,及牦牛糞生物炭輸入納帕海高原旱地農(nóng)田后,對(duì)青稞作物產(chǎn)量、地上部分生物量、根、莖、葉、種子、種皮等各組織多種元素含量以及土壤理化性質(zhì)、微生物多樣性、菌群結(jié)構(gòu)的變化產(chǎn)生的影響,揭示青稞和土壤對(duì)不同生物炭輸入量的響應(yīng)。主要研究結(jié)果如下：1、牦牛糞生物炭表面粗糙且富含多孔的塊狀結(jié)構(gòu),具有發(fā)達(dá)的孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)、較大比表面積和吸附性能；生物炭表面富含官能團(tuán),主要包括O-H、C≡C、C=O、硝基、芳香族C=C等,生物炭表面含有C=O酮結(jié)構(gòu)等堿性基團(tuán)導(dǎo)致生物炭具有堿性屬性,生物炭的堿性屬性可以改善土壤酸化狀況,提高土壤pH；生物炭表面種類豐富的極性官能團(tuán)有利于生物炭對(duì)土壤的改良；C、N、H、O元素是牦牛糞生物質(zhì)以及生物炭的主要構(gòu)成元素,牦牛糞中四種元素含量分別占32.15%、2.31%、4.09%、18.32%,牦牛糞生物炭中C、N、H、O含量比例分別為33.0%、1.96%、2.69%、16.48%；生物炭H/C值為0.08,H/C值較高說明生物炭芳構(gòu)化程度較低；(O+N)/C值為0.56,(O+N)/C值較高,說明生物炭的表面極性和親水性較強(qiáng)；牦牛糞中Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Ti、As、Pb 10種金屬元素含量都低于牦牛糞生物炭；牦牛糞生物炭TOC較高,輸入土壤可以提高土壤肥力：因此,牦牛糞生物炭可以作為一種土壤改良劑實(shí)際應(yīng)用；污染性重金屬離子在牦牛糞和生物炭的含量都較低,說明生物炭輸入土壤不會(huì)造成重金屬污染；2、牦牛糞生物炭的輸入對(duì)青稞的生長有促進(jìn)作用,作物產(chǎn)量最高可以提高16%,對(duì)青稞生長發(fā)育期的時(shí)間沒有明顯改變；本試驗(yàn)1/16生物炭輸入比例樣地青稞株高、葉長、葉寬3指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)較其他3樣地呈現(xiàn)優(yōu)勢(shì)；生物炭輸入后,青稞植株的TN以及根、莖、葉的N含量下降,且隨著生物炭輸入量的增加而下降更加明顯；青稞根、莖、葉的P元素含量都在B樣地到達(dá)峰值,隨著生物炭輸入量的增加在C樣地到達(dá)最低點(diǎn),D樣地再次回升,其他組織規(guī)律不明顯；在生物炭的作用下,多數(shù)金屬元素更容易在根部富集。3、生物炭的輸入可以改善納帕海旱地農(nóng)田土壤的性質(zhì),表現(xiàn)為可以提高土壤的pH、降低土壤中碳氮硫磷元素含量、升高土壤TOC值；生物炭輸入土壤后還使得土壤中As、Cu、Ni、Ti、Mn、Fe等10種金屬元素含量均降低5%以上；這些土壤性質(zhì)的改變說明,旱地土壤品質(zhì)得到一定的提升,也是青稞產(chǎn)量提升的根本原因之一。4、納帕海濕地周圍農(nóng)田土壤微生物優(yōu)勢(shì)種群為Proteobacteria (變形菌),Actinobacteria(放線菌),Chloroflexi(綠彎菌),Planctomycetes(浮霉菌),Acidobacteria(酸桿菌),Bacteroidetes(擬桿菌),Gemmatimonadetes (芽單胞菌),總比例超過89.8%。Proteobacteria(變形菌),為最優(yōu)勢(shì)類群,占所有序列的29.4%。納帕海農(nóng)田土壤微生物群落多樣性高；菌群結(jié)構(gòu)組成豐富度隨著生物炭輸入量增加而呈下降趨勢(shì)�？傮w上,納帕海濕地周圍農(nóng)田土壤微生物菌群結(jié)構(gòu)組成豐富、群落多樣性也較高。該研究成果為高原牦牛糞生物質(zhì)的資源化利用開辟了一條可行的路徑,生物炭的土壤輸入對(duì)納帕海高原濕地區(qū)域農(nóng)田土壤的改良和保護(hù)具有重要的實(shí)際意義,促進(jìn)高原農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)的發(fā)展以及生物炭的合理利用,為生態(tài)安全提供理論數(shù)據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Biochar is from biomass pyrolysis charring in anoxic conditions. In recent years, often used as a soil carbon base fertilizer, modifier is applied to the field of agriculture, but also as an adsorbent, carbon storage carrier used in the removal of pollutants and carbon emission reduction. In order to explore the yak dung biochar input on soil physicochemical properties of barley growth. And soil microbial diversity in soil, influence of flora structure, this study selected the yak dung in Napahai wetlands biochar as the research object, respectively, with a ratio of 0,1/16,1/8,1/4 input to the soil, barley as tested crops, set the field planting experiment in situ, combined with laboratory analysis, explore the yak dung biomass and preparation of yak dung biological carbon physical and chemical characteristics, and dry yak dung biochar input Napahai farmland, crop yield of barley, aboveground biomass, root, stem, leaf, seed, skin and other tissues of various kinds of element Pigment content and physicochemical properties of soil, microbial diversity, microbial community structure changes, to reveal the response of different soil highland barley and biological carbon input. The main results are as follows: 1, yak dung biochar rough surface and rich porous block structure, has developed pore structure, large specific surface area. And the adsorption performance; rich in biological carbon surface functional groups, including O-H, C and C, C=O, nitro, aromatic C=C, biological carbon surface containing C=O ketone structure of alkaline groups to bio carbon with alkaline properties, alkaline properties biochar can improve soil acidification, improve soil pH; polar functional groups of biological carbon the surface of a variety of conducive to improvement of biochar on soil; C, N, H, O elements are yak dung biomass and biological carbon main elements, the contents of four elements in Yak dung accounted for 32.15%, 2.31% and 4.09% respectively, 18.32%, yak dung biochar in C, N, H, O were respectively 33%, 1.96%, 2.69%, 16.48%; biochar H/C value is 0.08, the higher H/C value of biochar aromatization degree is low; (O+N) /C 0.56 (O+N), high /C value, indicating the surface of biological carbon polar and hydrophilic; Yak dung in Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Ti, As, Pb content of 10 kinds of metal elements are lower than that of yak dung Biocharcoal; Yak dung biochar TOC high input soil can improve soil fertility, therefore, yak dung biochar can as a soil improver in practical application; pollution of heavy metal ions in Yak dung and biological carbon are low, indicating that the biological carbon input into the soil will not cause heavy metal pollution; 2, to promote the role of yak dung biochar input of barley crop growth, the highest yield can be increased by 16%, the growth period of barley the time had no obvious change The test of 1/16; biochar input ratio plots barley plant height, leaf length, leaf width 3 index data than the other 3 samples showed advantage; biological carbon input, barley plants TN and root, stem, leaf N content decreased, and with the increase of biochar input decreased more significantly; barley root, stem, leaf P content reached peak in B plots, with the increase of biochar input reaching the lowest point in the C plot, D plot again, other organization law is not obvious; the biological effect of carbon, most metal elements more easily in the roots of biological carbon enrichment of.3 the input can improve Napahai upland soil properties, as can improve soil pH, reduce the content of sulfur element carbon nitrogen in soil, increase soil TOC value; soil biological carbon input also makes the soil As, Cu, Ni, Ti, Mn, Fe and other 10 kinds of metal element content decreased 5% above These; change of soil, soil quality have been improved, but also enhance the yield of barley root cause of.4. The population of Napahai Wetland Soil Microbial Proteobacteria surrounding farmland (Proteobacteria), Actinobacteria (Fang Xianjun), Chloroflexi (green bend bacteria), Planctomycetes (floating mold), Acidobacteria (acid bacillus), Bacteroidetes (Bacteroidetes), Gemmatimonadetes (gemmatimonadetes), the total ratio of more than 89.8%.Proteobacteria (Proteobacteria), as the most dominant species, accounting for all the 29.4%. sequences of Napahai soil microbial community diversity; flora composition with richness of biochar input increased decreased. On the whole, Napahai Wetland surrounding farmland soil microbial community structure composition and abundance, community diversity is higher. The research results for the resources of the plateau yak dung biomass utilization A feasible path is put forward. The soil input of biochar has important practical significance for the improvement and protection of farmland soil in Napahai Plateau Wetland Area, and promotes the development of plateau agricultural science and rational utilization of biochar, so as to provide theoretical data for ecological safety.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：昆明理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S512.3;S154.3

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