【摘要】：煤礦瓦斯災(zāi)害一直以來(lái)都是威脅煤礦井下安全的第一殺手。根據(jù)相關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),自1949年以來(lái),瓦斯災(zāi)害導(dǎo)致百人身亡的災(zāi)難性事件多達(dá)20余起�？v觀建國(guó)以來(lái)的煤礦安全史,瓦斯災(zāi)害及瓦斯災(zāi)害誘發(fā)的重大及特別重大煤礦安全事故時(shí)有發(fā)生,瓦斯災(zāi)害事故尚未得到徹底的根治。為了有效防治瓦斯事故,煤與瓦斯突出災(zāi)害防治理論、技術(shù)和工程歷來(lái)都是國(guó)家科技重大研究領(lǐng)域的熱點(diǎn)。我國(guó)煤炭資源量大,但其透氣性普遍很低。據(jù)有關(guān)部門(mén)統(tǒng)計(jì),我國(guó)93.4%的煤礦可采的是松軟煤層,其透氣性系數(shù)大都小于0.05mD,故而在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中發(fā)生瓦斯事故的可能性非常高。近年來(lái),隨著“先抽后采”政策的應(yīng)用以及技術(shù)的逐漸成熟,在獲得煤炭、煤層氣兩種能源的同時(shí),對(duì)于瓦斯的治理又出現(xiàn)了新的問(wèn)題,那就是尋找一種在瓦斯含量高,但透氣性低的煤層中既能擴(kuò)大瓦斯抽采范圍,又能提高瓦斯抽采率的方法。重慶市中梁山礦區(qū)煤層瓦斯含量高、透氣性低、煤層f值較低,且煤層為近距離急傾斜薄煤層群,使得其瓦斯抽采難度較大,技術(shù)要求較高。本文以中梁山南礦為研究對(duì)象,對(duì)其煤層的瓦斯賦存條件以及現(xiàn)有抽采方案進(jìn)行深入分析,同時(shí)本著提高瓦斯抽采量、減小瓦斯突出事故風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的原則,展開(kāi)了快速高效瓦斯抽采理論、技術(shù)及設(shè)備的研究以及工程應(yīng)用工作,在水力增透瓦斯抽采技術(shù)、裝備及工程應(yīng)用方面取得了創(chuàng)新成果,亦成為本論文核心研究成果。本論文的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)主要在于借助高壓水的動(dòng)力效應(yīng)(氣蝕、振動(dòng)、沖擊等)誘發(fā)煤層應(yīng)力場(chǎng)及礦巖裂隙發(fā)育的動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)程,加速提高高瓦斯煤層的裂隙發(fā)育,增大煤層透氣性,進(jìn)而為煤層瓦斯抽采創(chuàng)造有利條件;結(jié)合中梁山南礦瓦斯災(zāi)害防治工程實(shí)踐,系統(tǒng)開(kāi)展了高壓水射流割縫與水力壓裂在近距離、急傾斜、低透氣性薄煤層群中的動(dòng)力效應(yīng)及瓦斯災(zāi)害控制技術(shù)研究;通過(guò)理論分析與數(shù)值模擬兩種方法,推演了高壓水射流割裂技術(shù)的作用方式,分析水壓作用下煤體中的固、液、氣三相耦合特性,研究應(yīng)力場(chǎng)與裂隙場(chǎng)的動(dòng)態(tài)演化規(guī)律,從而確定了高壓水射流割裂、水力壓裂的動(dòng)力效應(yīng)以及煤層中的瓦斯運(yùn)移規(guī)律與其透氣性之間的動(dòng)態(tài)關(guān)系;通過(guò)對(duì)透氣性較差的煤層中的高壓水射流割裂技術(shù)與水力壓裂卸壓增透技術(shù)的研究,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)瓦斯抽采及災(zāi)害防治技術(shù)成功地應(yīng)用在中梁山南礦瓦斯災(zāi)害防治工程中。論文的主要研究成果如下:一、定向水力壓裂機(jī)理研究在測(cè)定中梁山南礦煤體基本參數(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,分析了高壓水對(duì)煤層的壓力致裂機(jī)理,揭示了煤層卸壓增透的動(dòng)力學(xué)效應(yīng)。首先明確了水力壓裂中鉆孔起裂對(duì)壓裂裂隙控制設(shè)計(jì)的重要性,而后以此為依據(jù),按照鉆孔注水壓裂過(guò)程的兩個(gè)主要步驟(鉆孔、注水)分別分析了鉆孔后的圍巖體的應(yīng)力分布形態(tài),再根據(jù)煤體中布置的注水壓力孔的不同位置,闡明了考慮煤層厚度和鉆孔偏差角情況下的穿層鉆孔的起裂原理。二、高壓水射流割縫增透原理研究通過(guò)采集中梁山南礦煤樣,并測(cè)定其物理力學(xué)特性,結(jié)合流體力學(xué)、損傷力學(xué)等理論基礎(chǔ),分析了中梁山南礦通過(guò)采用高壓水射流割縫增透的方法提高抽采效率的作用原理:煤體在高壓水射流作用下產(chǎn)生割縫,同時(shí)發(fā)生拉壓變形以及剪切變形,使得煤體產(chǎn)生損傷破壞,導(dǎo)致原本存在于煤體中的裂隙發(fā)生擴(kuò)張現(xiàn)象,同時(shí)又使煤體產(chǎn)生新的破壞裂隙,降低了地應(yīng)力,從而既提高煤體的透氣性系數(shù),又增大了煤體的暴露面積,有利于吸附在煤體上的瓦斯發(fā)生解吸,變?yōu)橛坞x態(tài)的瓦斯,提高了煤層瓦斯的抽采效率。三、高壓水射流割縫關(guān)鍵參數(shù)與瓦斯抽采效果研究在測(cè)定中梁山南礦煤體基本參數(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,合理分析了高壓水射流割縫水力參數(shù),根據(jù)crow切割理論,對(duì)影響水射流切縫深度的主要因素進(jìn)行了深入的分析,主要有兩個(gè):其一,水力參數(shù)(包括射流壓力和噴嘴直徑),其二,切割條件(包括噴嘴橫移速度和重復(fù)切割次數(shù))。通過(guò)理論分析瓦斯預(yù)抽孔有效抽采半徑的影響因素,確定了有效抽采半徑的試驗(yàn)方法,并在中梁山南礦進(jìn)行了高壓水射流割縫后鉆孔抽采半徑考察試驗(yàn),現(xiàn)場(chǎng)考察的結(jié)果表明:在25mpa割縫壓力下,計(jì)算出壓水射流割縫半徑可達(dá)1.57m,自然排放半徑可達(dá)4.58m,瓦斯抽采有效半徑可達(dá)9.14m,瓦斯極限抽采時(shí)間約為10個(gè)月,在誤差允許范圍內(nèi)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)考察結(jié)果基本一致。四、水力增透技術(shù)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)研究與工程管理創(chuàng)新在分析了高壓水對(duì)煤層的壓力致裂機(jī)理基礎(chǔ)上,將水力壓裂技術(shù)及中梁山現(xiàn)有的壓裂設(shè)備能夠應(yīng)用于中梁山低透氣突出煤層的瓦斯抽采。壓裂效果表明:采用brw31.5/200型乳化泵在泵壓24~27mpa,40min~70min的條件下壓裂范圍可達(dá)15m~25m;采用bzw-200/50型乳化泵泵壓35mpa~40mpa,80min~100min條件下壓裂范圍可達(dá)70m~100m。水力壓裂技術(shù)能夠適用于中梁山的煤層,并能取得的較好的抽采效果。進(jìn)行定向水力壓裂試驗(yàn)后,瓦斯預(yù)抽孔終孔間距增加了1倍,大幅減少了鉆孔工程量,平均單孔瓦斯抽放純量提高了925%;平均抽采濃度提高了80%,且能進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的瓦斯抽采。每次壓裂過(guò)程中,乳化泵都處于滿流量負(fù)荷狀態(tài),每次壓裂注入水量差異不大,南礦最大壓裂半徑達(dá)到70m,而北礦最小壓裂半徑僅為10m,中梁山南礦的壓裂效果明顯比北礦好。通過(guò)比較分析南、北礦壓裂試驗(yàn)區(qū)域地質(zhì)條件可知,南礦試驗(yàn)區(qū)域地質(zhì)條件相對(duì)較好,試驗(yàn)區(qū)域內(nèi)斷層、裂隙較少,煤層起裂之后能沿著導(dǎo)向縫槽延展,注入水量流失較少。因此,在選擇壓裂區(qū)域時(shí),應(yīng)首選地質(zhì)條件較好的區(qū)域。中梁山現(xiàn)有的壓裂設(shè)備(BZW200/50乳化泵、KJR19×6S-63MPa高壓管、高壓流量表等)、封孔工藝等基本滿足現(xiàn)有的壓裂需求。在測(cè)定中梁山南礦煤體基本參數(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,開(kāi)發(fā)出適用于中梁山礦區(qū)的高壓水射流割縫工藝�，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)工程應(yīng)用表明:中梁山南礦140NEC4-C5抽采巷,高壓水射流割縫孔累計(jì)抽采瓦斯量原始鉆孔的4.41倍,高壓水射流割縫孔平均標(biāo)準(zhǔn)抽采純量為原始鉆孔的4.2倍,達(dá)到預(yù)期抽采純量提高50%的目標(biāo)。中梁山北礦70NEC3和南礦-20NWC0石門(mén)鉆場(chǎng),應(yīng)用高壓水射流輔助石門(mén)揭煤后,鉆孔數(shù)量減少40%以上。對(duì)比中梁山南礦、北礦水力壓裂效果及實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)域煤層地質(zhì)條件分析得出,對(duì)于地質(zhì)條件較差的區(qū)域,主要采取高壓水射流割縫進(jìn)行卸壓增透,為今后開(kāi)展急傾斜、近距離煤層群水力化工程措施總結(jié)了經(jīng)驗(yàn)。按照國(guó)家相關(guān)的瓦斯抽采方針政策與規(guī)范,結(jié)合中梁山礦多年來(lái)的抽采實(shí)際工程經(jīng)驗(yàn),本論文總結(jié)并全面實(shí)施了適合急傾斜近距離薄煤層群的瓦斯抽采工程管理模式,即“密鉆孔,嚴(yán)密封,綜合抽,長(zhǎng)期抽”十二字措施。五、瓦斯突出礦井防突預(yù)警技術(shù)與管理保障機(jī)制建立了中梁山南礦煤與瓦斯突出預(yù)警指標(biāo)體系及預(yù)警模型,定制開(kāi)發(fā)了系列專(zhuān)業(yè)軟件系統(tǒng),構(gòu)建了中梁山南礦煤與瓦斯突出實(shí)時(shí)診斷與預(yù)警系統(tǒng),并建立了預(yù)警系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行保障機(jī)制。從而,實(shí)現(xiàn)了防突信息的自動(dòng)化管理,突出災(zāi)害的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)、在線分析、智能預(yù)警,以及突出預(yù)警信息的局域網(wǎng)綜合管理、即時(shí)發(fā)布與實(shí)時(shí)共享,達(dá)到煤與瓦斯突出危險(xiǎn)性智能預(yù)警、輔助決策的目標(biāo),提高了礦井安全技術(shù)和防突管理水平。
[Abstract]:Coal mine gas disaster has always been the first killer to threaten the safety of coal mine. According to relevant statistical data, since 1949, gas disaster has caused more than 20 catastrophic incidents in which 100 people have died. Throughout the history of coal mine safety since the founding of the People's Republic of China, major and especially major coal mine safety accidents caused by gas disaster and gas disaster have occurred from time to time. In order to effectively prevent and control gas accidents, the theory, technology and engineering of coal and gas outburst disaster prevention and control have always been a hot topic in the major research fields of national science and technology. In soft coal seam, the permeability coefficient is mostly less than 0.05 mD, so the possibility of gas accidents in production process is very high. In recent years, with the application of the policy of "pumping first and then mining later" and the gradual maturity of technology, new problems have arisen in the control of gas while acquiring coal and coal-bed methane, that is to find one. The method of enlarging gas extraction range and increasing gas extraction rate can be used in coal seams with high gas content but low permeability. The coal seams in Zhongliangshan mining area of Chongqing have high gas content, low gas permeability, low F value of coal seams, and the coal seams are short distance steeply inclined thin seams, which make gas extraction more difficult and require higher technology. Taking Zhongliangshan South Coal Mine as the research object, this paper makes a deep analysis of the gas occurrence conditions and the existing gas extraction schemes in its coal seam. At the same time, in accordance with the principle of increasing the gas extraction capacity and reducing the risk of gas outburst accidents, the theory, technology and equipment of rapid and efficient gas extraction as well as the engineering application work are carried out. Innovative achievements have been made in technology, equipment and engineering applications, which have become the core research results of this paper. The innovation of this paper is mainly to accelerate the development of high gas seam fractures and increase the permeability of coal seam by means of the dynamic effects of high pressure water (cavitation, vibration, impact, etc.) to induce the stress field of coal seam and the dynamic process of fracture development of ore and rock. Combining with the practice of gas disaster prevention and control engineering in Zhongliangshan South Coal Mine, the dynamic effect and gas disaster control technology of high pressure water jet slotting and hydraulic fracturing in thin coal seams with short distance, steep inclination and low permeability are studied systematically. The method deduces the action mode of high pressure water jet fracturing technology, analyzes the coupling characteristics of solid, liquid and gas in coal under the action of water pressure, studies the dynamic evolution law of stress field and fracture field, thus determines the dynamic effect of high pressure water jet fracturing, hydraulic fracturing and the dynamic relationship between gas migration law and gas permeability in coal seam. Through the study of high pressure water jet cutting technology and hydraulic fracturing pressure relief and permeability enhancement technology in coal seams with poor permeability, the gas extraction and disaster prevention technology has been successfully applied to the gas disaster prevention and control project in Zhongliangshan South Coal Mine. Based on the basic parameters of coal body in Zhongliangshan South Coal Mine, the pressure fracturing mechanism of high pressure water to coal seam is analyzed, and the dynamic effect of pressure relief and permeability enhancement is revealed. The stress distribution pattern of the surrounding rock mass after drilling is analyzed separately, and then according to the different positions of the injection pressure holes arranged in the coal body, the initiation principle of the cross-layer drilling considering the thickness of the coal seam and the deviation angle of the borehole is expounded. 2. The principle of high-pressure water jet cutting seam penetration is studied by collecting coal samples from Zhongliangshan South Coal Mine and measuring them. Based on the physical and mechanical characteristics and the theory of fluid mechanics and damage mechanics, this paper analyzes the principle of improving extraction efficiency by using high pressure water jet slotting method in Zhongliangshan South Coal Mine. It leads to the expansion of the cracks existing in the coal body, and at the same time causes the coal body to produce new destructive cracks, reducing the ground stress, thus not only improving the permeability coefficient of the coal body, but also increasing the exposed area of the coal body, which is conducive to the desorption of the gas adsorbed on the coal body, turning into free gas, and improving the extraction of coal bed gas. Third, on the basis of measuring the basic parameters of coal body in Liangshan South Coal Mine, the hydraulic parameters of high-pressure water jet slotting are reasonably analyzed. According to crow cutting theory, the main factors affecting the depth of water jet slotting are analyzed in depth. There are two main factors: first, hydraulic parameters. Parameters (including jet pressure and nozzle diameter), secondly, cutting conditions (including nozzle transverse velocity and repeated cutting times). Through theoretical analysis of the factors affecting the effective radius of gas pre-drainage hole, the test method of effective radius of gas pre-drainage was determined, and the radius of borehole extraction after high-pressure water jet cutting was investigated in Zhongliangshan South Coal Mine. The results of field investigation show that the cutting radius of pressurized water jet can reach 1.57 m, the natural discharge radius can reach 4.58 m, the effective radius of gas extraction can reach 9.14 m, the limit time of gas extraction is about 10 months, and the results of field investigation are basically consistent within the allowable error range. Based on the analysis of pressure fracturing mechanism of high pressure water to coal seam, hydraulic fracturing technology and existing fracturing equipment of Zhongliangshan can be applied to gas extraction in Zhongliangshan low permeability outburst coal seam. The range of fracturing can reach 15-25 m, the range of fracturing can reach 70 M-100 m under the condition of 35 mpa-40 MPa pump pressure of bzw-200/50 emulsifying pump and 80 min-100 min pressure. Hydraulic fracturing technology can be applied to Zhongliangshan coal seam, and can achieve good pumping effect. After directional hydraulic fracturing test, the distance between gas pre-drainage holes and final holes is doubled and greatly reduced. In each fracturing process, the emulsified pump is in the state of full flow load, and the injection water volume is little different. The maximum fracturing radius in the South Mine is 70m, while the minimum fracturing radius in the North Mine is only 10m. The fracturing effect of Zhongliangshan South Coal Mine is obviously better than that of the North Coal Mine.Through comparative analysis of the geological conditions of the South and North Coal Mine fracturing test areas,it can be seen that the geological conditions of the South Coal Mine test areas are relatively good,the faults and fractures in the test areas are few,the coal seams can extend along the guide slot after initiation of fracture,and the amount of injected water loss is less.Therefore,the fracturing area should be selected. The existing fracturing equipment (BZW200/50 emulsifying pump, KJR19 *6S-63MPa high pressure pipe, high pressure flowmeter, etc.) and sealing technology basically meet the existing fracturing requirements. Based on the determination of the basic parameters of coal body in Zhongliangshan South Mine, the high pressure water jet cutting technology suitable for Zhongliangshan Mine is developed. The field application shows that: in the 140NEC4-C5 suction roadway of Zhongliangshan South Coal Mine, the cumulative gas drainage by high pressure water jet slotting hole is 4.41 times of the original borehole, and the average standard gas drainage by high pressure water jet slotting hole is 4.2 times of the original borehole, reaching the target of 50% increase of the expected extraction purity. Compared with Zhongliangshan South Coal Mine, the effect of hydraulic fracturing in North Coal Mine and the geological conditions of coal seams in the experimental area, it is concluded that in the areas with poor geological conditions, high-pressure water jet slotting is mainly adopted to relieve pressure and increase permeability, so as to carry out steep inclination in the future and hydraulize the coal seams at short distance. According to the relevant national gas drainage policy and norms, combined with the actual engineering experience of Zhongliangshan Coal Mine for many years, this paper summarizes and fully implements the management mode of gas drainage engineering suitable for steeply inclined close-range thin seam group, namely "tight drilling, tight sealing, comprehensive drainage, long-term drainage". Fifthly, the early warning technology and management guarantee mechanism of coal and gas outburst prevention in Zhongliangshan South Coal Mine have been established. The early warning index system and early warning model of coal and gas outburst have been established. A series of professional software systems have been customized and developed. The real-time diagnosis and early warning system of coal and gas outburst in Zhongliangshan South Coal Mine has been established, and the operation guarantee mechanism of the early Thus, automatic management of outburst prevention information, real-time monitoring of outburst disasters, on-line analysis, intelligent early warning, and integrated management of outburst early warning information by LAN are realized, which can be issued and shared in real time. The goal of intelligent early warning of coal and gas outburst danger and assistant decision-making are achieved, and the level of mine safety technology and outburst prevention management is improved.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)(北京)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：TD713.3

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2 鄭少河,段康廉,趙陽(yáng)升;有效應(yīng)力作用下單裂隙滲透規(guī)律的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J];山西礦業(yè)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);1997年03期

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4 陳存禮,邵生俊,劉奉銀,韓永強(qiáng);粉煤灰的物理力學(xué)特性指標(biāo)之間的關(guān)系研究[J];西安理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào);1999年03期

5 胡耀青,趙陽(yáng)升,魏錦平;三維應(yīng)力作用下煤體瓦斯?jié)B透規(guī)律實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J];西安礦業(yè)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);1996年04期

6 王生維,張明;東勝煤田補(bǔ)連塔礦煤物理力學(xué)特性試驗(yàn)研究[J];巖石力學(xué)與工程學(xué)報(bào);1996年04期

7 林柏泉 ,周世寧;煤樣瓦斯?jié)B透率的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J];中國(guó)礦業(yè)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);1987年01期

8 林柏泉 ,周世寧;含瓦斯煤體變形規(guī)律的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J];中國(guó)礦業(yè)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);1986年03期

9 ;燃化部在南桐礦務(wù)局召開(kāi)水力沖孔防止煤與瓦斯突出試驗(yàn)總結(jié)會(huì)議[J];川煤科技;1974年01期

10 孟召平，，張孝文;煤材料變形力學(xué)特性分析[J];焦作工學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);1996年04期

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