【摘要】：冰蓋冰川和高山冰川是富含古代氣候信息和存儲(chǔ)古氣候重要信息的氣候檔案庫(kù)。冰川變化是大氣和海洋變化的敏感指標(biāo)之一,對(duì)海平面上升、山區(qū)供水河流的水文、海洋的淡水平衡、自然災(zāi)害,甚至地球的形狀和旋轉(zhuǎn)等全球重要性進(jìn)程具有重要影響。淺層冰心包含的信息可以實(shí)現(xiàn)重建氣候變化循環(huán),提高最古老冰心位置選擇的準(zhǔn)確性,研究冰蓋內(nèi)部的動(dòng)力學(xué)特征與冰蓋內(nèi)應(yīng)力、應(yīng)變率的時(shí)空變化間的關(guān)系等等。本文對(duì)淺層冰心鉆探方法以及目前廣泛應(yīng)用于淺層冰心鉆探的電纜懸掛式電動(dòng)機(jī)械鉆具研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的調(diào)研、分析。在此基礎(chǔ)上,以提高冰屑輸送效率為目標(biāo),通過(guò)回轉(zhuǎn)螺旋輸送理論和離散元數(shù)值模擬方法,確定了冰屑螺旋輸送系統(tǒng)的最優(yōu)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)。借鑒已有淺層電動(dòng)機(jī)械鉆具的設(shè)計(jì)理念,設(shè)計(jì)并研發(fā)了淺層電動(dòng)機(jī)械螺旋鉆具,通過(guò)室內(nèi)和擴(kuò)色色勒冰川野外試驗(yàn),驗(yàn)證了冰屑螺旋輸送系統(tǒng)及淺層電動(dòng)機(jī)械螺旋鉆具工作的可靠性,為進(jìn)一步設(shè)計(jì)和優(yōu)化淺層電動(dòng)機(jī)械鉆具結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù),提高其冰屑輸送效率和機(jī)械鉆速,獲取高質(zhì)量冰心提供了重要借鑒。論文研究主要獲得以下結(jié)論:1)通過(guò)回轉(zhuǎn)螺旋輸送理論對(duì)冰屑螺旋輸送系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行理論分析,確定了其輸送效率的影響因素。設(shè)計(jì)了冰摩擦系數(shù)試驗(yàn)臺(tái),通過(guò)測(cè)量牽引冰樣的拉力和冰樣的重量,計(jì)算得出冰在不同溫度下與不同材料間摩擦系數(shù)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。針對(duì)不同材料組合,計(jì)算螺旋升角和回轉(zhuǎn)速度與冰屑螺旋輸送效率之間的關(guān)系。根據(jù)計(jì)算得出當(dāng)外管內(nèi)壁采用溝槽設(shè)計(jì)、內(nèi)管和螺旋葉片選用聚四氟乙烯材料、轉(zhuǎn)速為175 rpm、對(duì)應(yīng)的螺旋升角為13.7°時(shí),冰屑的輸送效率最高,可達(dá)87%。利用多功能冰鉆測(cè)試臺(tái)對(duì)回轉(zhuǎn)螺旋輸送理論在冰屑螺旋輸送系統(tǒng)中應(yīng)用的可行性其進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。試驗(yàn)證明由常規(guī)回轉(zhuǎn)螺旋輸送理論計(jì)算所得的最優(yōu)冰屑螺旋輸送參數(shù)并不能有效輸送冰屑。冰屑在螺旋葉片底部堵塞嚴(yán)重甚至壓實(shí)成塊,導(dǎo)致冰屑無(wú)法輸送,最終鉆進(jìn)停止。常規(guī)回轉(zhuǎn)螺旋理論并不能應(yīng)用于冰屑螺旋輸送系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)。2)利用散體顆粒物料分析方法-離散單元法對(duì)冰屑顆粒在螺旋輸送系統(tǒng)中的輸送情況進(jìn)行了數(shù)值模擬。模擬結(jié)果表明,冰屑螺旋輸送是一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的過(guò)程,并對(duì)操作參數(shù)非常敏感�；诒碱w粒尺寸的假設(shè),數(shù)值模擬可以得出:在低回轉(zhuǎn)速度條件下,冰屑在近螺旋底端區(qū)域堆積。而當(dāng)回轉(zhuǎn)速度高于100 rpm時(shí),冰屑的輸送效率更高;顆粒的有序輸送是提高輸送效率和減少能量消耗的重要影響因素之一。在高回轉(zhuǎn)速度下容易引起冰屑顆粒的無(wú)序運(yùn)動(dòng),其原因可能是由于冰屑顆粒尺寸過(guò)小或重量太輕,螺旋葉片的攪拌作用大于輸送作用引起的;電動(dòng)機(jī)械鉆具螺旋輸送系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)參數(shù)的選取,要綜合考慮諸如冰層溫度和所需驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)的可用性等多種因素。針對(duì)本文研究的限定條件,結(jié)合平均顆粒速度、平均縱向顆粒速度、質(zhì)量流率、平均顆粒高度、單位質(zhì)量顆粒的能耗平均值和比能六個(gè)不同輸送特性的綜合評(píng)價(jià),有序和無(wú)序運(yùn)動(dòng)的臨界值在100rpm左右對(duì)應(yīng)的螺旋升角為35°-40°。3)設(shè)計(jì)和加工了測(cè)試版淺層電動(dòng)機(jī)械鉆具TestSEMA及其試驗(yàn)臺(tái),通過(guò)鉆進(jìn)天然冰樣對(duì)測(cè)試版鉆具和基于離散元法設(shè)計(jì)的最優(yōu)冰屑輸送系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行測(cè)試和評(píng)價(jià)。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明在鉆進(jìn)過(guò)程中,冰屑在螺旋葉片上輸送順暢,沒(méi)有任何卡堵現(xiàn)象,增大回轉(zhuǎn)速度可明顯加快冰屑上升的速度和高度。當(dāng)Test SEMA穩(wěn)定工作時(shí)機(jī)械鉆速可達(dá)10.2 m/h,滿足電動(dòng)機(jī)械鉆具的平均機(jī)械鉆速要求,證明了冰屑螺旋輸送系統(tǒng)的工作穩(wěn)定性和可靠性。試驗(yàn)獲得的冰孔光滑、冰心完整,但鉆得的冰屑顆粒尺寸較小,表面能較高,在輸送過(guò)程中容易發(fā)生團(tuán)聚現(xiàn)象。TestSEMA鉆具試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了離散元方法在冰屑螺旋輸送系統(tǒng)中應(yīng)用的可行性以及TestSEMA鉆具和試驗(yàn)臺(tái)(地表設(shè)備)設(shè)計(jì)的合理性,為設(shè)計(jì)和優(yōu)化野外鉆探用淺層電動(dòng)機(jī)械螺旋鉆具(SEMA)提供了重要參考。4)設(shè)計(jì)了包括SEMA鉆具及其地表設(shè)備的淺層電動(dòng)機(jī)械鉆具。SEMA鉆具在擴(kuò)色色勒冰川上海拔為5600 m處共進(jìn)行了55回次測(cè)試。鉆進(jìn)過(guò)程中,冰屑輸送順暢無(wú)阻,獲得的冰心質(zhì)量好,最大長(zhǎng)度達(dá)1.1 m,鉆具最大機(jī)械鉆速可達(dá)18 m/h,平均機(jī)械鉆速為10.8 m/h。SEMA鉆具的野外測(cè)試驗(yàn)證了鉆具設(shè)計(jì)的可行性和工作可靠性,進(jìn)一步實(shí)地驗(yàn)證了離散元法設(shè)計(jì)冰屑螺旋輸送系統(tǒng)的適用性。整個(gè)設(shè)備只需兩人便可進(jìn)行野外作業(yè),便于運(yùn)輸、安裝,拆卸和操作,可應(yīng)用于高山冰川或冰蓋冰川的取樣任務(wù)。
[Abstract]:Ice sheet glaciers and alpine glaciers are climate archives rich in ancient climate information and important paleoclimate information. Glacier change is one of the sensitive indicators of atmospheric and oceanic changes. Glacier change is a process of global importance, such as sea level rise, hydrology of mountain water supply rivers, fresh water balance of oceans, natural disasters, and even the shape and rotation of the earth. The information contained in the shallow ice core can reconstruct the climate change cycle, improve the accuracy of choosing the location of the oldest ice core, study the relationship between the dynamic characteristics of the ice cap and the internal stress of the ice cap, the temporal and spatial variation of the strain rate and so on. Based on the investigation and analysis of the present situation of the cable suspended motor-driven drilling rig, the optimum design parameters of the screw conveying system for ice chips are determined by means of the rotary screw conveying theory and the discrete element numerical simulation method in order to improve the ice chips conveying efficiency. Designed and developed shallow electro-mechanical spiral drilling tools. The reliability of the screw conveying system and shallow electro-mechanical spiral drilling tools is verified by indoor and field tests on Xerox glacier. The structural parameters of shallow electro-mechanical drilling tools are further designed and optimized to improve the efficiency of ice scrap conveying and the rate of mechanical drilling. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: 1) Through theoretical analysis of the screw conveying system, the factors affecting the conveying efficiency of the screw conveying system are determined. An ice friction coefficient test bench is designed, and the ice is calculated by measuring the pulling force of the ice sample and the weight of the ice sample. The relationship between screw angle and rotation speed and screw conveying efficiency of ice chips is calculated for different material combinations. According to the calculation, when the inner wall of the outer tube is designed with grooves, the inner tube and the screw blade are made of PTFE, and the rotational speed is 175 rpm, the corresponding screw lift is obtained. When the angle is 13.7 degrees, the conveying efficiency of ice chips is the highest, up to 87%. The feasibility of applying the rotary screw conveying theory to the screw conveying system of ice chips is verified by using the multi-functional ice drill test rig. The experiment proves that the optimal screw conveying parameters calculated by the conventional rotary screw conveying theory can not convey ice chips effectively. The conventional rotary screw theory can not be applied to the parameter design of the screw conveying system. 2) The transport of ice particles in the screw conveying system was numerically analyzed by using the discrete element method (DEM) and the method of granular material analysis. The simulation results show that the screw conveying of ice debris is a very complicated process and sensitive to the operation parameters. Based on the assumption of the size of ice debris particles, the numerical simulation can be concluded as follows: under the condition of low rotational velocity, the ice debris accumulates near the bottom of the screw. Orderly transport of particles is one of the important factors to improve the transport efficiency and reduce energy consumption.It is easy to cause disorderly movement of ice particles at high rotational speed.The reason may be that the size or weight of ice particles is too small or too light,and the agitation effect of screw blades is greater than that of conveying. The selection of the optimal parameters of the system should take into account such factors as the ice temperature and the availability of the required driving motor and so on. Comprehensive evaluation shows that the critical value of ordered and disordered motion is about 100 RPM corresponding to the spiral angle of 35 [-40]. TestSEMA and its test bench are designed and manufactured for the shallow electromechanical drilling tool of test plate. The test rig and the optimal ice transport system based on discrete element method are tested and evaluated by drilling natural ice samples. The results show that during the drilling process, the chips are conveyed smoothly on the spiral blade without any blocking phenomenon, and the increase of rotation speed can obviously accelerate the rising speed and height of the chips. The test results show that the ice holes are smooth and the ice cores are intact, but the ice grains drilled are small and the surface energy is high, which makes it easy to agglomerate in the conveying process. The rationality of the design provides an important reference for the design and optimization of the shallow electromechanical auger drill (SEMA) for field drilling. 4. The shallow electromechanical drill, including the SEMA drill and its surface equipment, was designed. The SEMA drill was tested 55 times at the altitude of 5600 m in the Pan-Seller Glacier. The maximum length of the ice core is 1.1 m, the maximum penetration rate of the drill tool is 18 m/h and the average penetration rate is 10.8 m/h. The field test of the SEMA drill tool verifies the feasibility and reliability of the design of the drill tool, and further verifies the applicability of the discrete element method in the design of the screw conveying system. It is easy to transport, install, disassemble and operate. It can be used in the sampling of alpine glaciers or ice sheet glaciers.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：P634.4

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