低活性水淬渣基早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料開(kāi)發(fā)與水化機(jī)理研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-18 11:56
【摘要】：充填采礦法具有節(jié)能減排、安全環(huán)保、低貧化和高回收等優(yōu)點(diǎn),已在黃金、有色以及貴金屬礦山獲得了廣泛應(yīng)用。與其他采礦方法相比,充填采礦法回采工藝復(fù)雜,采礦成本高和生產(chǎn)能力低,是影響充填法應(yīng)用的主要因素。 金川鎳礦是一座礦體埋藏深、地應(yīng)力高和礦巖破碎的大型難采銅鎳礦床,選擇與之相應(yīng)的下向分層進(jìn)路充填采礦方法。由于在充填體假頂下作業(yè),不僅需要提高充填體質(zhì)量,而且還要求更高的早期強(qiáng)度。因此,礦山采用棒磨砂骨料和水泥膠凝材料的高灰砂比和高濃度的充填工藝,導(dǎo)致礦山充填成本高達(dá)147元/m3,其采礦成本之高在國(guó)內(nèi)外不多見(jiàn)。由于國(guó)際鎳價(jià)持續(xù)低迷,使金川企業(yè)的采礦經(jīng)濟(jì)效益面臨巨大壓力。降低采礦成本是金川資源開(kāi)發(fā)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的必由之路。 針對(duì)金川礦區(qū)所處地理位置和可以利用的固體廢棄物,本文利用酒鋼低活性水淬渣,開(kāi)展低成本和早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料開(kāi)發(fā)研究。通過(guò)固體廢棄物的物化特性分析、復(fù)合激發(fā)劑配比正交試驗(yàn)和膠凝材料水化機(jī)理研究,由此獲得以下主要研究成果： (1)針對(duì)酒鋼低活性酸性渣特性,采用水淬渣粉的機(jī)械力與化學(xué)綜合激發(fā)效應(yīng)研究,研究水淬渣粉細(xì)磨粉體粒度與級(jí)配的水化效應(yīng)。結(jié)果顯示,隨著機(jī)械粉磨時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),礦渣微粉的粒徑累積曲線越往上移,粒徑頻率分布越往左即向微顆粒方向偏移。粉磨90min與原狀渣粉相比,平均粒徑從24.31μm減小到12.26μm,充填體的3d和7d抗壓強(qiáng)度分別提高54.9%和25.2%。由此可見(jiàn),水淬渣粉的機(jī)械力化效應(yīng)對(duì)低活性水淬渣水化效應(yīng)影響顯著。 (2)為了提高低活性水淬渣機(jī)械力化學(xué)效應(yīng),開(kāi)展了添加助磨劑效果試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,在水淬渣粉磨過(guò)程中添加助磨劑,能夠顯著提高水淬渣粉機(jī)械力化效率。當(dāng)添加0.13%的助磨劑粉磨30min的礦渣微粉的平均粒度,與不添加助磨劑粉磨90min渣粉的平均粒度較為接近,顆粒級(jí)配的特征粒徑、平均粒徑和均勻性系數(shù)僅相差2.77%、2.83%和6.43%,這是助磨劑能夠解除礦渣微粉的團(tuán)聚現(xiàn)象,從而提高粉體物料在粉磨過(guò)程中的流動(dòng)性,減少粉碎物料的表面自由能,從而提高機(jī)械磨粉效率。 (3)針對(duì)金川礦山全尾砂、棒磨砂和粗骨料三種骨料,開(kāi)展了不同配比的混合集料膠砂強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)。結(jié)果表明,混合充填集料的堆積密實(shí)度是膠結(jié)充填體強(qiáng)度的最重要因素。在相同膠砂比和濃度的條件下,混合料的堆積密實(shí)度從0.568增加到0.702,膠結(jié)充填體3d、7d和28d的抗壓強(qiáng)度分別從0.36MPa、3.31MPa和5.32MPa提高到0.54MPa、4.12MPa和6.09MPa,分別提高了50%、24.47%和14.47%。顯然,混合集料的優(yōu)化配比對(duì)于提高膠結(jié)充填體強(qiáng)度,尤其是早期強(qiáng)度,起到至關(guān)重要的作用。 (4)針對(duì)低活性酒鋼水淬渣粉,開(kāi)展了生石灰、脫硫石膏和水泥熟料等物料作為復(fù)合激發(fā)劑的正交膠砂強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)。并利用神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型、遺傳規(guī)劃和遺傳算法,建立了充填體抗壓強(qiáng)度與激發(fā)劑配比的質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)化模型,獲得了基于低活性水淬渣開(kāi)發(fā)的早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料的最優(yōu)配方為：生石灰為2.562%、脫硫石膏為4.996%和水泥熟料為1.956%。相應(yīng)的膠結(jié)充填體3d和7d抗壓強(qiáng)度分別達(dá)到2.038MPa和3.172MPa。 (5)采用XRD和SEM等分析技術(shù),研究低活性酸性水淬渣的不同機(jī)械粉磨微觀效應(yīng)。結(jié)果顯示,機(jī)械粉磨僅僅改變礦渣微粉的顆粒形狀及表面形貌,對(duì)其晶體結(jié)構(gòu)及物相組成不產(chǎn)生影響。充填膠凝材料的主要水化產(chǎn)物是硅酸鈣凝膠、斜方鈣沸石和鈣礬石晶體,充填體表面包裹著致密的水化產(chǎn)物,形成致密結(jié)構(gòu),是膠凝材料水硬化的機(jī)理。 (6)針對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)的早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料,開(kāi)展粗骨料充填料漿的工作特性的試驗(yàn)研究。結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)充填料漿濃度在82%～84%范圍內(nèi),早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料的粗骨料充填料漿具有較好的保水性和漿體的穩(wěn)定性,完全滿足金川礦山管道自流輸送要求。 (7)利用開(kāi)發(fā)的早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料,開(kāi)展了早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)充填試驗(yàn)。根據(jù)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)所測(cè)試的早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料膠結(jié)充填體強(qiáng)度,由此獲得的3d、7d和28d的充填體強(qiáng)度分別達(dá)到1.765MPa、3.615MPa和5.35MPa,滿足金川礦山充填法采礦對(duì)膠凝材料的性能要求。與礦用水泥膠凝材料相比,早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料成本降低48.3元/t。將開(kāi)發(fā)的膠凝材料在金川礦山應(yīng)用,可以獲得顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。 降低充填采礦成本是提高充填采礦效益的必由之路。針對(duì)金川礦山充填采礦的重大需求,本文開(kāi)展了利用低活性水淬渣的早強(qiáng)膠凝材料的開(kāi)發(fā)研究,獲得了滿足金川礦山所需要的膠凝材料,目前正在由金昌熙金節(jié)能建材有限公司進(jìn)行工業(yè)化生產(chǎn),從而在金川礦山推廣應(yīng)用。同時(shí),結(jié)合早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料的應(yīng)用,基于全尾砂、廢石以及粗骨料的混合集料的充填技術(shù)也正在研究。固體廢棄物在充填采礦技術(shù)中的應(yīng)用,不僅能夠顯著提高金川礦山的采礦經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,而且還可以減少固體廢棄物排放,從而保護(hù)環(huán)境,創(chuàng)建無(wú)廢礦山和實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色開(kāi)采。
[Abstract]:Filling mining method has many advantages, such as energy saving, emission reduction, safety and environmental protection, low dilution and high recovery. It has been widely used in gold, colored and precious metal mines. Compared with other mining methods, filling mining method is complex, high mining cost and low production capacity, which are the main factors affecting the application of filling method.
The Jinchuan nickel mine is a large and difficult mining copper nickel deposit, which is buried deep in the ore body, with high ground stress and fractured ore and rock. It chooses the corresponding downward stratified approach filling mining method. Because of the false top operation of the filling body, it not only needs to improve the quality of the filling body, but also requires a higher early strength. Therefore, the mine uses the rod abrasive and the cement. The high ash sand ratio and high concentration filling process of the cementitious material lead to the cost of mine filling up to 147 yuan /m3, and the high mining cost is not common at home and abroad. Because of the continuous low price of international nickel, the mining economic benefits of Jinchuan enterprises are facing enormous pressure. Reducing the mining cost is the only way for the development and sustainable development of Jinchuan resources.
In view of the geographical position of Jinchuan mining area and the solid waste that can be used, the development and research of low cost and early strength filling cementitious material are carried out by using the low active water quenched slag of Jiuquan Steel. Through the analysis of the physical and chemical properties of solid waste, the orthogonal test of the compound activator and the hydration mechanism of the cementitious material are studied, thus the following main research is obtained. The results are as follows:
(1) in view of the characteristics of low active acid slag in Jiuquan Steel, the hydration effect of grain size and gradation of water quenched powder fine grinding powder is studied by using the mechanical force and chemical comprehensive excitation effect of water quenched slag powder. The results show that the longer the grinding time is, the more the cumulative curve of the slag powder moves upward and the particle size frequency distribution is toward the left. Direction migration. Compared with the original slag powder, the average particle size of 90min is reduced from 24.31 to 12.26 m, and the 3D and 7d compressive strength of the filling body are increased by 54.9% and 25.2%. respectively. The mechanized effect of the water quenched slag has a significant effect on the hydration effect of the low active water quenched slag.
(2) in order to improve the mechanical and chemical effect of low active water quenched slag, the effect test of adding grinding aids was carried out. The results showed that the mechanical efficiency of the water quenched slag powder could be greatly improved by adding the grinding aids to the grinding process of water quenched slag. When adding 0.13% grinding aids, the average particle size of the slag powder of 30min was grind, and the grinding agent was not added to the grinding agent to grind 9. The average particle size of 0min slag powder is close. The characteristic particle size, average particle size and uniformity coefficient of particle gradation are only 2.77%, 2.83% and 6.43%. This is that the grinding aids can relieve the agglomeration of the slag powder, thus improving the fluidity of the powder in the grinding process and reducing the surface free energy of the comminuted material, thus improving the grinding efficiency of the machine. Rate.
(3) in view of the three kinds of aggregate in Jinchuan mine full tailings, rod sand and coarse aggregate, the strength test of mixed aggregate mortar with different proportions is carried out. The results show that the packing density is the most important factor for the strength of the cemented filling body. The packing density of the mixture increases from 0.568 to 0.7 under the same rubber sand ratio and concentration. 02, the compressive strength of the cemented filling body 3D, 7d and 28d increased from 0.36MPa, 3.31MPa and 5.32MPa to 0.54MPa, 4.12MPa and 6.09MPa respectively, which were improved by 50%, 24.47% and 14.47%. respectively. The optimal ratio of mixed aggregates played an important role in improving the strength of cementing filling, especially the early strength.
(4) aiming at the low active liquor steel water quenched slag powder, the strength test of the orthogonal adhesive sand of the raw lime, desulphurizing gypsum and cement clinker as compound activator is carried out. And the neural network model, genetic programming and genetic algorithm are used to establish the quality optimization model of the ratio of the compressive strength of the filling body to the activator, and the low active water quenching is obtained. The optimum formula for the early strength filling cementitious material developed by slag is as follows: the lime is 2.562%, the gypsum is 4.996% and the cement clinker is 1.956%., and the compressive strength of 3D and 7d is 2.038MPa and 3.172MPa., respectively.
(5) the microcosmic effect of different mechanical grinding of low active acid water quenched slag was studied by XRD and SEM. The results showed that mechanical grinding only changed the shape and surface morphology of the slag powder, and had no effect on its crystal structure and phase composition. The main hydration products of the filling cementitious material were the calcium silicate gel and the trapezoid calcium boiling. Stone and Ettringite crystals, which are packed with dense hydrated products on the surface of the filling body, form a dense structure, which is the mechanism of water hardening of cementitious materials.
(6) in view of the early strength filling cementitious material developed, the experimental research on the working characteristics of the coarse aggregate filling slurry is carried out. The results show that the coarse aggregate filling slurry with early strong filling cementitious material has better water retention and slurry stability when the filling slurry concentration is in the range of 82% ~ 84%. It fully meets the requirements of the self flow transportation of the Jinchuan mine pipe.
(7) the field filling test of early strong filling cementitious material was carried out by the early strong filling cementitious material developed. According to the strength of the cemented filling body of early strong filling cementitious material tested in the field test, the strength of the filling body of 3D, 7d and 28d obtained by this method reached 1.765MPa, 3.615MPa and 5.35MPa respectively, which met the glue of Jinchuan mine filling method. Compared with the cement cementitious material, the cost of the early strength filling cementitious material is reduced by 48.3 yuan /t., and the cementitious material developed in Jinchuan mine can be applied in the mine, and the significant economic and social benefits can be obtained.
Reducing the cost of filling mining is the only way to improve the benefit of filling mining. In view of the important demand of Jinchuan mine filling mining, the development and research of early strong cementitious materials using low active water quenched slag have been carried out, and the cementitious materials to meet the needs of Jinchuan mine are obtained. The application of the early strong filling cementitious material is also being studied in Jinchuan mine. The application of the solid waste in the filling mining technology can not only improve the economic benefit of the mining in Jinchuan, but also can also improve the mining economic benefit of the mine. In order to reduce solid waste emissions and protect the environment, we create waste free mines and achieve green mining.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：TD853.34
[Abstract]:Filling mining method has many advantages, such as energy saving, emission reduction, safety and environmental protection, low dilution and high recovery. It has been widely used in gold, colored and precious metal mines. Compared with other mining methods, filling mining method is complex, high mining cost and low production capacity, which are the main factors affecting the application of filling method.
The Jinchuan nickel mine is a large and difficult mining copper nickel deposit, which is buried deep in the ore body, with high ground stress and fractured ore and rock. It chooses the corresponding downward stratified approach filling mining method. Because of the false top operation of the filling body, it not only needs to improve the quality of the filling body, but also requires a higher early strength. Therefore, the mine uses the rod abrasive and the cement. The high ash sand ratio and high concentration filling process of the cementitious material lead to the cost of mine filling up to 147 yuan /m3, and the high mining cost is not common at home and abroad. Because of the continuous low price of international nickel, the mining economic benefits of Jinchuan enterprises are facing enormous pressure. Reducing the mining cost is the only way for the development and sustainable development of Jinchuan resources.
In view of the geographical position of Jinchuan mining area and the solid waste that can be used, the development and research of low cost and early strength filling cementitious material are carried out by using the low active water quenched slag of Jiuquan Steel. Through the analysis of the physical and chemical properties of solid waste, the orthogonal test of the compound activator and the hydration mechanism of the cementitious material are studied, thus the following main research is obtained. The results are as follows:
(1) in view of the characteristics of low active acid slag in Jiuquan Steel, the hydration effect of grain size and gradation of water quenched powder fine grinding powder is studied by using the mechanical force and chemical comprehensive excitation effect of water quenched slag powder. The results show that the longer the grinding time is, the more the cumulative curve of the slag powder moves upward and the particle size frequency distribution is toward the left. Direction migration. Compared with the original slag powder, the average particle size of 90min is reduced from 24.31 to 12.26 m, and the 3D and 7d compressive strength of the filling body are increased by 54.9% and 25.2%. respectively. The mechanized effect of the water quenched slag has a significant effect on the hydration effect of the low active water quenched slag.
(2) in order to improve the mechanical and chemical effect of low active water quenched slag, the effect test of adding grinding aids was carried out. The results showed that the mechanical efficiency of the water quenched slag powder could be greatly improved by adding the grinding aids to the grinding process of water quenched slag. When adding 0.13% grinding aids, the average particle size of the slag powder of 30min was grind, and the grinding agent was not added to the grinding agent to grind 9. The average particle size of 0min slag powder is close. The characteristic particle size, average particle size and uniformity coefficient of particle gradation are only 2.77%, 2.83% and 6.43%. This is that the grinding aids can relieve the agglomeration of the slag powder, thus improving the fluidity of the powder in the grinding process and reducing the surface free energy of the comminuted material, thus improving the grinding efficiency of the machine. Rate.
(3) in view of the three kinds of aggregate in Jinchuan mine full tailings, rod sand and coarse aggregate, the strength test of mixed aggregate mortar with different proportions is carried out. The results show that the packing density is the most important factor for the strength of the cemented filling body. The packing density of the mixture increases from 0.568 to 0.7 under the same rubber sand ratio and concentration. 02, the compressive strength of the cemented filling body 3D, 7d and 28d increased from 0.36MPa, 3.31MPa and 5.32MPa to 0.54MPa, 4.12MPa and 6.09MPa respectively, which were improved by 50%, 24.47% and 14.47%. respectively. The optimal ratio of mixed aggregates played an important role in improving the strength of cementing filling, especially the early strength.
(4) aiming at the low active liquor steel water quenched slag powder, the strength test of the orthogonal adhesive sand of the raw lime, desulphurizing gypsum and cement clinker as compound activator is carried out. And the neural network model, genetic programming and genetic algorithm are used to establish the quality optimization model of the ratio of the compressive strength of the filling body to the activator, and the low active water quenching is obtained. The optimum formula for the early strength filling cementitious material developed by slag is as follows: the lime is 2.562%, the gypsum is 4.996% and the cement clinker is 1.956%., and the compressive strength of 3D and 7d is 2.038MPa and 3.172MPa., respectively.
(5) the microcosmic effect of different mechanical grinding of low active acid water quenched slag was studied by XRD and SEM. The results showed that mechanical grinding only changed the shape and surface morphology of the slag powder, and had no effect on its crystal structure and phase composition. The main hydration products of the filling cementitious material were the calcium silicate gel and the trapezoid calcium boiling. Stone and Ettringite crystals, which are packed with dense hydrated products on the surface of the filling body, form a dense structure, which is the mechanism of water hardening of cementitious materials.
(6) in view of the early strength filling cementitious material developed, the experimental research on the working characteristics of the coarse aggregate filling slurry is carried out. The results show that the coarse aggregate filling slurry with early strong filling cementitious material has better water retention and slurry stability when the filling slurry concentration is in the range of 82% ~ 84%. It fully meets the requirements of the self flow transportation of the Jinchuan mine pipe.
(7) the field filling test of early strong filling cementitious material was carried out by the early strong filling cementitious material developed. According to the strength of the cemented filling body of early strong filling cementitious material tested in the field test, the strength of the filling body of 3D, 7d and 28d obtained by this method reached 1.765MPa, 3.615MPa and 5.35MPa respectively, which met the glue of Jinchuan mine filling method. Compared with the cement cementitious material, the cost of the early strength filling cementitious material is reduced by 48.3 yuan /t., and the cementitious material developed in Jinchuan mine can be applied in the mine, and the significant economic and social benefits can be obtained.
Reducing the cost of filling mining is the only way to improve the benefit of filling mining. In view of the important demand of Jinchuan mine filling mining, the development and research of early strong cementitious materials using low active water quenched slag have been carried out, and the cementitious materials to meet the needs of Jinchuan mine are obtained. The application of the early strong filling cementitious material is also being studied in Jinchuan mine. The application of the solid waste in the filling mining technology can not only improve the economic benefit of the mining in Jinchuan, but also can also improve the mining economic benefit of the mine. In order to reduce solid waste emissions and protect the environment, we create waste free mines and achieve green mining.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：TD853.34
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