本文選題：自供能 + 自適應(yīng)動(dòng)態(tài)電壓調(diào)節(jié)　； 參考：《中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)已在多個(gè)領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮了重要的作用,但在煤礦井下的應(yīng)用并不順利,很多研究仍然停留在實(shí)驗(yàn)室階段,其主要原因是能源供給問題,主要表現(xiàn)在以下兩個(gè)方面：(1)無線傳感器供電方式：無線傳感器利用電池供電,然而電池卻有壽命周期,而使用傳統(tǒng)的有線供電方式則失去了無線傳感器的靈活性,且大大增加了成本；(2)無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)對(duì)能量的需求大：由于節(jié)點(diǎn)擔(dān)負(fù)著數(shù)據(jù)采集和發(fā)送的任務(wù),自身的功耗過大,所需能量也大,此時(shí)傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)有限的能源變得至關(guān)重要,當(dāng)能量的需求脫離有線供電的時(shí)候,這一問題尤為突出。所以,需要研究井下自供能系統(tǒng),將井下的自然資源轉(zhuǎn)化成微能量為優(yōu)化后的低功耗無線傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)供電,保證其正常工作。目前,國內(nèi)外還沒有關(guān)于井下無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)(WSN)自供能功耗優(yōu)化關(guān)鍵問題的相關(guān)研究報(bào)道,本文針對(duì)井下復(fù)雜環(huán)境內(nèi)無線傳感器的供電問題、井下電磁環(huán)境中的節(jié)點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)匹配問題、節(jié)點(diǎn)的能耗管理與優(yōu)化問題,從開源和節(jié)流兩個(gè)方面分別進(jìn)行較為系統(tǒng)的研究,具體的研究工作如下：首先,對(duì)井下能量資源進(jìn)行了具體分析,找到了適合為井下WSN節(jié)點(diǎn)供電的振動(dòng)能和風(fēng)能。本文通過實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)各種環(huán)境能量的特點(diǎn)、功率大小進(jìn)行測試,測試結(jié)果顯示,井下可以利用的環(huán)境能量主要有溫差能、噪聲能、電磁能、振動(dòng)能和風(fēng)能。但是,由于井下溫度基本恒定,最大溫差為4攝氏度左右,溫差過小,所以利用溫差發(fā)電不適合井下；由于井下設(shè)備在生產(chǎn)過程中的機(jī)械摩擦振動(dòng)等會(huì)產(chǎn)生大于90分貝的噪聲,且該能量在生產(chǎn)過程中持續(xù)存在,符合噪聲發(fā)電的要求,但是由于噪聲是伴隨生產(chǎn)所產(chǎn)生的,當(dāng)生產(chǎn)停止時(shí),噪聲就無法產(chǎn)生,并且噪聲能量的轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)不成熟,且輸出穩(wěn)定性差,因此不符合能量轉(zhuǎn)化要求；煤礦井下的電磁場從電磁輻射角度來看符合發(fā)電的需求,但由于目前技術(shù)成熟的煤礦井下很多電纜都是金屬鎧裝的,這樣大部分電磁能量被屏蔽了,因此不符合發(fā)電的要求；井下機(jī)電設(shè)備運(yùn)行時(shí)均會(huì)有振動(dòng)產(chǎn)生,且在工作面和井下硐室中振動(dòng)相當(dāng)普遍,經(jīng)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),該能量可以滿足井下硐室及開采面的能量采集；同時(shí)井下本身有強(qiáng)制通風(fēng)的需求,風(fēng)速穩(wěn)定,方向性單一,且風(fēng)力發(fā)電結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,所以可以為井下大部分無線傳感器設(shè)備提供電源。其次,在上述實(shí)驗(yàn)測量的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)井下風(fēng)能自供電WSN節(jié)點(diǎn)的能量供給單元進(jìn)行了深入研究,重點(diǎn)解決了兩個(gè)問題：在減少發(fā)電機(jī)自身功耗的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行最大功率點(diǎn)追蹤和匹配后端的WSN節(jié)點(diǎn)負(fù)載。具體的,對(duì)于運(yùn)行在低風(fēng)速且空間有限的微型風(fēng)力發(fā)電系統(tǒng),風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)產(chǎn)生的電壓峰值為1-3V,傳統(tǒng)的二極管此時(shí)不能滿足這種環(huán)境,本文提出用MOSFET替換傳統(tǒng)的二極管,以實(shí)現(xiàn)在非常低的電壓中提高DC-AC的轉(zhuǎn)換效率；為了提高發(fā)電機(jī)的發(fā)電效率,本文采用一種新的MPPT方法,其原理是控制有效的負(fù)載阻抗,計(jì)算風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)內(nèi)部的源阻抗,以實(shí)現(xiàn)源和負(fù)載之間良好的阻抗匹配,使收集的電能總處于其運(yùn)行風(fēng)速的最大值；在此基礎(chǔ)上,采用改進(jìn)型自適應(yīng)滑�？刂评碚撎岣進(jìn)PPT的響應(yīng)速度及質(zhì)量,測試結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)系統(tǒng)采用滑�？刂扑惴〞r(shí),可以對(duì)最大功率點(diǎn)進(jìn)行有效追蹤,就算風(fēng)速有所變化,系統(tǒng)依舊能夠?qū)ψ畲蠊β庶c(diǎn)進(jìn)行迅速追蹤。這種算法與其他情況相比,最主要的特點(diǎn)是穩(wěn)定后的系統(tǒng)在追蹤到最大功率點(diǎn)時(shí)波動(dòng)非常�。蛔詈�,將自適應(yīng)電壓調(diào)節(jié)技術(shù)的超低功率管理策略應(yīng)用于井下WSN節(jié)點(diǎn),利用閉環(huán)控制的方法靈活調(diào)整內(nèi)核處理器的電壓,使其對(duì)整個(gè)電路進(jìn)行監(jiān)控管理。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示在模擬礦井的風(fēng)速下,風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)收集的轉(zhuǎn)化效率從2.5%提高到9.6%,自適應(yīng)電壓調(diào)節(jié)技術(shù)能降低節(jié)點(diǎn)64%的能耗,其產(chǎn)生的能量能夠滿足驅(qū)動(dòng)無線傳感器的需要,并且附加的能量保障模塊(電池或超級(jí)電容)充電系統(tǒng)工作正常,滿足了項(xiàng)目中對(duì)能量來源的設(shè)計(jì)需求。再者,為了彌補(bǔ)井下風(fēng)能的不足,根據(jù)井下設(shè)備的振動(dòng)特點(diǎn),本文構(gòu)建了適合井下使用的壓電陶瓷換能器機(jī)電模型。根據(jù)現(xiàn)有研究推導(dǎo)出了壓電陶瓷片在壓力載荷作用下獲得的可用電能公式,以及在具體邊界條件、壓電覆蓋條件和電極條件下電流和電壓的表達(dá)式；同時(shí),為了提高壓電能量轉(zhuǎn)換器的轉(zhuǎn)換效率,本文對(duì)電阻阻抗匹配的方法進(jìn)行了研究,通過改變傳感器輸出阻抗的方法來控制電流并進(jìn)行仿真,仿真結(jié)果表明,如果多層換能器的最佳阻抗下移40倍,則輸出功率是生成功率的兩倍。利用這一結(jié)果,對(duì)采集電路進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),使其可以調(diào)節(jié)換能器的負(fù)載阻抗,增大輸出功率及輸出電流。同時(shí),通過振動(dòng)發(fā)電點(diǎn)亮LED燈陣,以及給超級(jí)電容充電實(shí)驗(yàn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)阻抗不完全匹配時(shí),能量損失幾乎達(dá)到50%。在此基礎(chǔ)上,提出在理想負(fù)載條件下實(shí)現(xiàn)無能量損失最大功率壓電換能器電路,該電路假設(shè)輸出阻抗為50Ω,利用這一參數(shù),通過對(duì)壓電換能器輸入和輸出的信號(hào)進(jìn)行測量,結(jié)果顯示,其轉(zhuǎn)化效率峰值為95%。通過上述的仿真和實(shí)驗(yàn)可以充分顯示,該種能量收集方法完全滿足井下無線傳感器供電要求。同時(shí),鑒于井下環(huán)境能量比較微弱。本文對(duì)通信的頻段、天線參數(shù)和通信效率進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)和優(yōu)化,降低自供電模塊的負(fù)載,實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)流的目的。通過對(duì)WSN節(jié)點(diǎn)功耗進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,仿真結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),發(fā)射天線的能耗在WSN節(jié)點(diǎn)整體能耗中占據(jù)相當(dāng)大的比例,選擇合適的頻段及天線可以降低其能耗。煤礦井下機(jī)電設(shè)備眾多,電磁波在井下的傳輸也跟地面不同,本文首先采用時(shí)域和頻域聯(lián)合測量的方法,對(duì)井下煤礦進(jìn)行電磁干擾實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。結(jié)果顯示,井下電磁輻射無論是低頻、高頻還是瞬態(tài)干擾,干擾主要集中在500MHz以下；同時(shí),利用礦井巷道中頻率資源的優(yōu)勢,建立了礦井巷道寬帶電磁波傳播統(tǒng)計(jì)模型,研究了不同頻點(diǎn)的寬帶電磁波沿礦井巷道傳輸時(shí)的衰落、時(shí)延擴(kuò)展特性以及巷道的截面、彎曲等對(duì)這種特性的影響：研究了使用有限元方法求解有損介質(zhì)理論所需要解決的問題,提出巷道的表面阻抗概念,并根據(jù)巷道的實(shí)際條件計(jì)算出巷道有損介質(zhì)波導(dǎo)的邊界條件；利用有損波導(dǎo)理論的數(shù)值解修正經(jīng)典理論的解析解近似誤差,提出修正公式,建立礦井巷道寬帶電磁傳播統(tǒng)計(jì)信道模型。為了驗(yàn)證礦井巷道的信道特性以及調(diào)制技術(shù)對(duì)無線通信性能的影響,在非煤礦進(jìn)行了井下實(shí)際測試。具體測試在802.11b/g WLAN通信標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下,2.4G載頻數(shù)據(jù)包的通信性能,根據(jù)測試結(jié)果及理論得出了井下低功耗WSN節(jié)點(diǎn)的最佳工作特性及天線參數(shù)。最后,在天線能耗優(yōu)化的基礎(chǔ)上,為了進(jìn)一步降低無線傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的功耗,本文提出了一種傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)壓縮算法。對(duì)無線傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)采集到的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行壓縮處理,在保證數(shù)據(jù)特征不變的前提下,減少了傳輸?shù)淖止?jié)長度。同時(shí),根據(jù)壓縮感知理論本文又提出一種新的基于CS的優(yōu)化解碼方案,將編碼端的DCT視為對(duì)原始信號(hào)的觀測,利用全變分(TV)將信號(hào)稀疏化,將量化噪聲看作觀測噪聲,從而將信號(hào)解碼轉(zhuǎn)化為CS優(yōu)化重建問題,從而利用CS精確重建代替反DCT變換。在此基礎(chǔ)上,提出基于塊合并的CS優(yōu)化解碼進(jìn)一步提升解碼質(zhì)量。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,該方案在解碼信號(hào)的主客觀質(zhì)量上相對(duì)傳統(tǒng)解碼有顯著提升。同時(shí),根據(jù)礦井巷道環(huán)境參數(shù)監(jiān)測的要求,并結(jié)合設(shè)計(jì)的無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的特點(diǎn)和結(jié)構(gòu),本文提出了基于環(huán)境能量的無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)礦井環(huán)境監(jiān)測系統(tǒng),并根據(jù)礦井巷道的不同情況給出了相應(yīng)的解決方案。本研究在煤礦井下的推廣應(yīng)用,將真正實(shí)現(xiàn)礦井環(huán)境下傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的無線化和智能化,為礦井安全生產(chǎn)和精確管理提供技術(shù)保障,具有重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。同時(shí),本文研究綜合了綠色能源技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)和煤礦安全生產(chǎn)及自動(dòng)化技術(shù),均是國家重點(diǎn)支持和大力倡導(dǎo)的技術(shù)領(lǐng)域,符合國家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策。
[Abstract]:The wireless sensor network has played an important role in many fields , but the application of wireless sensor is not successful . Many researches remain in the laboratory stage . The main reason is the problem of power supply : ( 1 ) Wireless sensor power supply mode : Wireless sensor uses battery to supply power , but the battery has life cycle , while using traditional wired power supply mode , the flexibility of wireless sensor is lost , and the cost is greatly increased ;
( 2 ) The demand of wireless sensor network node to energy is big : because the node takes the task of data collection and transmission , its power consumption is too large , the energy required is too large , and the problem of energy consumption management and optimization of wireless sensor network ( WSN ) is studied .
Due to the mechanical friction vibration and the like of the underground equipment during the production process , the noise of more than 90 dB is generated , and the energy is continuously present in the production process and meets the requirements of noise power generation , but noise cannot be generated when the production is stopped due to noise , and the conversion technology of the noise energy is not mature , and the output stability is poor , so that the energy conversion requirement is not met ;
The electromagnetic field in the coal mine meets the demand of power generation from the perspective of electromagnetic radiation , but because many cables under the current technology mature coal mine are metal armored , most of the electromagnetic energy is shielded , so that the requirement of power generation is not met ;
During the operation of underground mechanical and electrical equipment , vibration is generated , and the vibration is quite common in working face and underground chamber , and it is found that the energy can meet the energy collection of underground chamber and mining face ;
Meanwhile , on the basis of the above experimental measurement , the energy supply unit of the self - powered WSN node for the underground wind energy is further researched , and two problems are solved .
In order to improve the power generation efficiency of the generator , a new method is adopted in this paper . The principle is to control the effective load impedance and calculate the source impedance in the wind power generator , so as to realize the good impedance matching between the source and the load , so that the collected electric energy is always at the maximum value of its operating wind speed ;
On the basis of this , the improved adaptive sliding mode control theory is adopted to improve the response speed and quality . The results show that when the system adopts the sliding mode control algorithm , the maximum power point can be traced effectively , even if the wind speed is changed , the system can track the maximum power point .
Finally , the ultra - low power management strategy of self - adaptive voltage regulation technology is applied to WSN nodes . The voltage of the core processor is flexibly adjusted by closed - loop control method . The results show that the efficiency of the wind driven generator is improved from 2.5 % to 9.6 % . The results show that the energy consumption can be reduced from 2.5 % to 9.6 % . In order to compensate for the shortage of underground wind energy , the electric energy formula which is obtained under the influence of pressure load is derived , and the expression of current and voltage under the conditions of specific boundary condition , piezoelectric covering condition and electrode condition is deduced .
At the same time , in order to improve the conversion efficiency of the piezoelectric energy converter , the method of resistance impedance matching is studied . By changing the output impedance of the sensor , the current is controlled and the simulation results show that the energy loss is almost 50 % when the optimum impedance of the multi - layer transducer is 40 times .
At the same time , using the advantages of frequency resources in mine tunnel , a statistical model of broadband electromagnetic wave propagation in mine tunnel is established . The influence of broadband electromagnetic wave at different frequency points along the mine tunnel is studied . The influence of the broadband electromagnetic wave in different frequency points along the mine tunnel is studied . The problem that the finite element method is used to solve the theory of lossy media is studied , the concept of surface impedance of the tunnel is proposed , and the boundary conditions of the tunnel are calculated according to the actual conditions of the tunnel .
In order to verify the channel characteristics of the mine tunnel and the influence of modulation technology on the performance of wireless communication , this paper proposes a new method of wireless sensor network mine environment monitoring based on block combination . In order to reduce the power consumption of wireless sensor nodes , this paper proposes a new method of wireless sensor network mine environment monitoring based on block combination . At the same time , based on the theory of compression perception , this paper proposes a new method for wireless sensor network mine environment monitoring .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：TD611

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