本文選題：蝕變-巖相填圖 + 蝕變-礦化分帶模式�。� 參考：《昆明理工大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：赫章亮巖Pb-Zn礦床是在川滇黔毗鄰區(qū)Pb-Zn成礦帶黔西北Pb-Zn礦集區(qū)內(nèi)新近勘查發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個(gè)具有中型以上找礦潛力的富Pb-Zn礦床。礦床位于埡都-窩弓背斜南東段的埡都-蟒硐逆沖斷裂上盤,已知富Pb-Zn礦體賦存在中石炭統(tǒng)黃龍組(C_2h)強(qiáng)烈白云石化的白云質(zhì)灰?guī)r及白云巖中,顯示出明顯的MVT型Pb-Zn礦床成礦特點(diǎn)。本文以區(qū)內(nèi)大街礦段Ⅰ號(hào)礦體(群)為對(duì)象,在系統(tǒng)開展詳細(xì)的立體蝕變-巖相填圖和礦相學(xué)研究的基礎(chǔ)上,借助熱液礦物標(biāo)型學(xué)及同位素地球化學(xué)示蹤的手段,查明其蝕變-礦化特征,揭示其成礦作用過程及控制因素,建立其分帶模式和成因模型,并提出找礦預(yù)測(cè)靶區(qū)。研究成果有助于深入理解川滇黔毗鄰區(qū)Pb-Zn成礦帶成礦流體的運(yùn)移、匯聚與儲(chǔ)存機(jī)制,并有效指導(dǎo)勘查找礦工作的合理部署。本次主要取得以下成果與認(rèn)識(shí):(1)系統(tǒng)查明了礦區(qū)的地層、構(gòu)造發(fā)育特征及基本礦床地質(zhì)特征。區(qū)內(nèi)主干背斜為埡都-窩弓背斜,褶皺構(gòu)造簡(jiǎn)單。背斜被埡都-蟒硐斷裂帶所破壞,背斜軸近北西向,北東翼地層出露不完整,只出露二疊紀(jì)上統(tǒng)龍?zhí)督M(P_31),地層傾向北東,傾角平緩,一般10°-25°。南西翼地層較為完整,核部至翼部地層以古生界為主,依次為下石炭統(tǒng)舊司上司組(C_1j+s)、大塘組(C_1d),中石炭統(tǒng)黃龍組(C_2h)、馬平組(C_3m),下二疊統(tǒng)梁山組(P_1l)、棲霞-茅口組(P_1q+m),中二疊統(tǒng)峨眉山組(P_2e),上二疊統(tǒng)龍?zhí)督M(P_31)。地層傾向南西,傾角較陡,30°-45°之間。次為轎頂山向斜,向斜軸近北東向,出露地層為下石炭統(tǒng)大塘組(C_1d),中石炭統(tǒng)黃龍組(C_2h)、馬平組(C_3m),下二疊統(tǒng)梁山組(P_1l)、棲霞組(P_1q),地層傾向15°-35°之間。區(qū)內(nèi)主干斷裂F_1走向北西,傾向南西,傾角45°-60°,為一逆斷層,切割深度大,斷距超過1km;次為F4走向北西,傾向南西,傾角16°-30°,為一逆斷層;F_1及F4同屬于埡都-蟒硐斷裂帶的分支斷裂,礦區(qū)內(nèi)主要表現(xiàn)為F_1及F4疊瓦狀推覆使埡都-窩弓背斜及轎頂山向斜復(fù)合部位是該區(qū)鉛鋅礦富集的最有利部位;區(qū)內(nèi)已知鉛鋅礦體集中分布于區(qū)域性斷裂的次級(jí)斷層及伴生裂隙帶中,多呈似層狀、透鏡狀順層產(chǎn)出。其中,Ⅱ號(hào)礦體產(chǎn)于F_1斷層上盤的下石炭統(tǒng)大塘組粗晶白云巖及黃龍組細(xì)-中晶白云巖中,走向NNW向,由呈囊狀、透鏡狀與地層有小角度相交主礦體及旁側(cè)囊狀分支礦體組成,主礦體在垂向上發(fā)生扭曲,上部?jī)A向SE,下部?jī)A向SW,傾角44°～71°之間;主礦體控制斜深大于150m,一般厚2～6m,均厚3m,品位較富,且Zn高Pb低,一般Pb2%～10%,Zn4%～30%。Ⅰ號(hào)礦體呈似層狀產(chǎn)于F_1斷裂上盤的上石炭統(tǒng)黃龍組白云質(zhì)灰?guī)r中,傾向NE,傾角54°～57°。主礦體控制長(zhǎng)80～100m,傾向延伸60m,厚1.2～1.4m,均厚1.3m。礦石品位一般Pb 2%～3%、Zn 3%～7%。礦石礦物組合為閃鋅礦(Sp)[本文的礦物縮寫符號(hào)參考沈其韓(2009)][28]、鐵閃鋅礦(Fe-Sp)、方鉛礦(Gn)、黃鐵礦(Py)及少量白鐵礦(Mrc)、黃銅礦(Cpy)等;脈石礦物組合為方解石(Cal)、鐵方解石(Fe-Cal)、白云石(Dol)及少量石英(Q)、菱鐵礦(Sd)、瀝青(Org)等。圍巖蝕變主要為黃鐵礦化、白云石化、方解石化、鐵錳碳酸鹽化及硅化,其中白云石化、黃鐵礦化與鉛鋅礦化關(guān)系密切。熱液成礦作用可分為(Ⅰ)Dol(-Py)階段、(Ⅱ)Dol-Sp(紅色)-Gn-Py(-Q)-Cal階段、(Ⅲ)Dol-Py-Sp(褐色)-Gn-Cal(-Q)階段、(Ⅳ)Dol-Py-Sp(棕褐色)-Gn-Cal(-Q)階段及(Ⅴ)Cal階段等5個(gè)礦化階段,其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ階段是主要的礦化時(shí)期。(2)查明大街礦段Ⅰ號(hào)礦體(群)的礦化-蝕變空間分帶型特征,即:從礦體中心向外、自上而下,蝕變表現(xiàn)為方解石化→白云石化→硅化→綠泥石化;礦化表現(xiàn)為致密塊狀、角礫狀Pb-Zn礦石→致密塊狀Py殼→脈狀、浸染狀、斑點(diǎn)狀Pb-Zn礦石→脈狀、星點(diǎn)狀Py殼的分帶特點(diǎn);相應(yīng)的礦物組合為Sp+ Gn+ Py+Apy+ Cal+ Q+ Ill 組合→Py+ Gn+ Sp+ Dol+ Cal+ Fe-Cal 組合→Py+ Dol+ Cal 組合→Py+Q+Chl+Cal組合;總體上看,其橫向分帶性較為顯著,而縱向分帶型不明顯,這與成礦熱液的濃度梯度、橫向滲透擴(kuò)散受巖性垂向物性變化影的響密切有關(guān);鉛鋅成礦作用貫穿于5個(gè)階段成礦作用的全過程,紅色Sp+Py是早階段流體的產(chǎn)物,角礫狀礦石是流體疊加的產(chǎn)物,Ⅲ、Ⅳ階段形成的褐色Sp的流體溫度較Ⅰ階段紅色Sp要高,且1750m高程為流體疊加的前鋒。顯然,該礦床與區(qū)域鉛鋅成礦帶上如毛坪等大型鉛鋅礦床的蝕變-礦化分帶特點(diǎn)與機(jī)制有所不同。(3)總結(jié)了不同礦化-蝕變帶內(nèi)白云石、黃鐵礦及閃鋅礦等熱液礦物的標(biāo)型學(xué)特征,建立其礦化-蝕變分帶模式。其中,空間上:白云石從礦體中心向外圍為塊狀粗晶→塊狀、脈狀細(xì)晶,Py由{210}、五角十二面體及其聚形→{100}、立方體及其聚形,時(shí)間上:白云石由粗晶→細(xì)晶,黃鐵礦由五角十二面體居多→立方體居多,閃鋅礦早期以紅色為主,晚期以褐色為主;反應(yīng)礦床為中低溫?zé)嵋旱V床且從早階段到晚階段成礦溫度先升高后降低的趨勢(shì)。(4)查明了成礦物質(zhì)來(lái)源及成礦流體的演化特征。礦區(qū)熱液礦物的C、O、S及Pb同位素地球化學(xué)示蹤研究結(jié)果表明,成礦流體及物質(zhì)具有多源特點(diǎn),硫可能早期為細(xì)菌還原作用形成,隨著成礦流體溫度逐漸升高,成礦流體的S則主要由海相硫酸鹽熱還原作用形成,在還原過程中,下伏頁(yè)巖、碎屑巖和泥質(zhì)巖地層中的有機(jī)質(zhì)發(fā)揮了→定的作用。礦床中圍巖的CO_2可能與峨眉山玄武巖漿提供的熱動(dòng)力有關(guān),而熱液方解石的CO_2早階段可能有低溫蝕變作用形成,隨著成礦溫度升高,后期則主要為海相碳酸鹽巖提供。這與閃鋅礦標(biāo)型特征研究顯示早期為低溫,后期溫度逐漸升高再降低相吻合。成礦金屬來(lái)源于上地殼(與區(qū)域D-P不同時(shí)代碳酸鹽巖地層及基底巖石鉛同位素組成相近,明顯不同于峨眉山及震旦系燈影組鉛同位素組成),具有多源性特點(diǎn)。(5)總結(jié)厘定了區(qū)內(nèi)Pb-Zn礦床的成礦作用過程,建立了其成因模型。即:早期由于區(qū)域擠壓應(yīng)力作用地層強(qiáng)烈褶皺,形成斷裂及裂隙,下滲的地表水及地下水在重力及濃度驅(qū)動(dòng)下沿?cái)嗔鸭傲严督?jīng)過含沉積型Pb、Zn等金屬元素的地層時(shí)萃取地層的金屬元素形成含礦熱鹵水,經(jīng)過有利的碳酸鹽地層時(shí)含礦熱鹵水沿?cái)嗔鸭傲严段g變圍巖形成白云石化同時(shí)溶蝕圍巖形成溶洞、孔洞等,含礦熱鹵水沿溶洞、晶間孔隙及斷層破碎帶等有利空間富集沉淀,隨著流體的遷移演化形成從礦體中心向外圍形成方解石化→白云石化→方解石化的蝕變空間分帶及致密塊狀礦石→脈狀、斑塊狀礦石的礦石分帶,后期斷層活化形成角礫狀礦石,致使礦體中心形成角礫狀礦石的分帶。從而形成流體貫入-地層萃取-構(gòu)造控礦的機(jī)制。(6)結(jié)合礦區(qū)實(shí)際地質(zhì)條件和前述認(rèn)識(shí),提出了3個(gè)隱伏礦找礦預(yù)測(cè)靶區(qū)。其中,大街礦段預(yù)測(cè)靶區(qū)經(jīng)工程驗(yàn)證,已新增探獲Pb-Zn資源金屬儲(chǔ)量5萬(wàn)噸,品位Pb 2%～10%,Zn 4%～30%。目前,亮巖礦區(qū)Pb-Zn資源金屬儲(chǔ)量已累計(jì)超過10萬(wàn)噸,仍具有較好的找礦潛力。
[Abstract]:The Hezhang bright rock Pb-Zn deposit is a rich Pb-Zn deposit, which has the potential of medium and above the prospecting in the Pb-Zn ore area of the northwest of Guizhou Province, the Pb-Zn metallogenic belt of the adjacent area of the Sichuan Yunnan Guizhou Province. The deposit is located in the upper reaches of the Shadu adit thrusting fault in the South East of the guadu anticline anticline. The rich Pb-Zn orebody is known to be strong in the Middle Carboniferous Huanglong group (C_2h). Dolomitization and dolomitization of dolomitic limestone and dolomite show obvious metallogenic characteristics of the MVT type Pb-Zn deposit. This paper, based on the detailed three-dimensional alteration - lithofacies mapping and mineralogical study, is based on the detailed three-dimensional alteration - lithofacies mapping and mineralogical study. The ore-forming process and controlling factors are revealed, its zoning model and genetic model are established, and the prospecting target area is put forward. The research results are helpful to understand the migration, accumulation and storage mechanism of the ore-forming fluid in the Pb-Zn metallogenic belt in the adjacent area of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou Province, and to guide the rational deployment of prospecting and prospecting work. The main achievements and understanding are as follows: (1) the strata of the mining area, the characteristics of tectonic development and the geological characteristics of the basic ore deposits have been ascertained systematically. The main trunk anticline in the area is the Yu - U - Du - bow anticline, and the fold structure is simple. The anticline is destroyed by the Yu Du Python fault zone, the anticline axis is near to the North West, the north east wing is not fully exposed, and the Permian upper Longtan is exposed only. Group (P_31), the formation tendency is North East, the dip angle is gentle, 10 degree -25 degree. The South West Wing is more complete, the core to the wing part is the Paleozoic, which is the lower Carboniferous old division superior group (C_1j+s), the Datang Group (C_1d), the Middle Carboniferous Huanglong group (C_2h), the Ma Ping group (C_3m), the lower two Liangshan formation (P_1l), the Qixia Makou group (P_1q+m) and the middle two stack. The Meishan formation (P_2e) and the upper two series Longtan Formation (P_31). The strata tend to be southwestern, with steep dip and 30 degree -45 degrees. The second is the sedan roof syncline, the syncline axis is near to the North East, the outcropping is the lower Carboniferous Dang Tong Group (C_1d), the Middle Carboniferous Huanglong Formation (C_2h), the Ma Ping group (C_3m), the lower two series (P_1l), the Qixia group (P_1q), and the formation tendency 15 degree -35 degrees. The internal main fault F_1 tends to NW and tends to South West, with a dip angle of 45 -60 degrees, which is a reverse fault, with a large cutting depth and more than 1km; the second is F4 toward the North West, and tends to South West, the dip angle is an inverse fault, and F_1 and F4 belong to the branch fracture of the Ya Du Python fault zone, and the main manifestation is F_1 and F4 stacking like nappe in the ore area. And the compound part of the sedan mountain syncline is the most favorable part of the enrichment of the lead-zinc deposits in this area, and the lead and zinc ore bodies are known to be concentrated in the secondary faults and associated fracture zones of the regional faults, which are mostly like layered and lenticular formation, and the No. 2 orebodies are produced in the lower Carboniferous Dang formation of the F_1 fault and the fine dolomite and Huanglong Formation in the lower Carboniferous Formation. In MICROTEK dolomite, it moves towards NNW direction, which is composed of main ore body and side sac branch orebody, which is cystic and lens with small angle of formation. The main ore body is twisted vertically, the upper part tends SE, the lower part tends SW and the dip angle is 44 to 71 degrees; the main ore body controls the slanting depth more than 150m, the thickness is 2 to 6m, the thickness is 3M, the grade is rich, and Zn Pb is low. The Pb2% ~ 10%, Zn4% ~ 30%. I orebodies appear in the upper Carboniferous Huanglong dolomitic limestone, which resembles the upper Carboniferous Huanglong Formation of the F_1 fracture plate, which is inclined to NE and the dip angle is from 54 to 57 degrees. The main ore body is controlled by 80 to 100m, which tends to extend 60m, thick 1.2 to 1.4m, and the grade of 1.3m. ore is generally Pb 2% to 3%, Zn 3% ~ 7%. ore mineral assemblage is sphalerite (mineral mineral). Abbreviations refer to Shenyang (2009)][28], iron sphalerite (Fe-Sp), galena (Gn), pyrite (Py) and a small amount of pyrite (Mrc) and chalcopyrite (Cpy); the gangue mineral assemblage is calcite (Cal), iron calcite (Fe-Cal), dolomite (Dol) and less Liang Shiying (Q), siderite (Sd), asphalt (Org), etc.. The alteration of surrounding rock is mainly pyrite mineralization, dolomitization, and square The mineralization of dolomitization and pyrite mineralization are closely related to lead-zinc mineralization. The hydrothermal mineralization can be divided into (I) Dol (-Py) phase, (II) Dol-Sp (red) -Gn-Py (-Q) -Cal stage, (III) Dol-Py-Sp (brown) -Gn-Cal (-Q) stage, (IV) Dol-Py-Sp (brown) -Gn-Cal (-Q) stage and (V) stage of mineralization. The stage II and III stage is the main mineralization period. (2) to find out the mineralization and alteration spatial zoning characteristics of No.1 ore body (Group) of the main street ore section, that is, from the center of the ore body outward, from the top to bottom, and the alteration is shown as calcification, dolomitization, silicification and green mud petrifaction, and the mineralization is dense and massive, breccia Pb-Zn ore to dense massive Py shell. The characteristics of the zonation of pulse, dipping, spotted Pb-Zn ore, pulse and star shaped Py shell; the corresponding mineral assemblages are Sp+ Gn+ Py+Apy+ Cal+ Q+ Ill combination, Py+ Gn+ Sp+ Dol+ assemblage of Sp+ Dol+. The concentration gradient of the metallogenic hydrothermal fluid is closely related to the effect of the lithologic vertical physical change, and the lead and zinc mineralization runs through the whole process of the 5 stages of mineralization. The red Sp+Py is the product of the early stage fluid, the breccia ore is the product of the superposition of the fluid, and the temperature of the brown Sp formed in stage III and IV is more red than the stage I red. Sp is high, and the 1750m elevation is a fluid superposition forward. Obviously, the alteration and mineralized zoning characteristics of the deposit and the regional lead zinc metallogenic belt, such as Mao Ping and other large lead-zinc deposits are different. (3) the typomorphic characteristics of the hydrothermal minerals, such as dolomite, pyrite and Sphalerite in different mineralization and alteration zones, are summarized, and their mineralization and alteration points are established. With the pattern, in space, the dolomite from the center of the ore body to the periphery is lumpy coarse grain, massive and fine grain, Py from {210}, five horns and twelve sides and their aggregation to {100}, cubes and their aggregation. The period is mainly brown, the reaction deposit is a medium low temperature hydrothermal ore deposit and the mineralization temperature of the metallogenic material rises first and then decreases. (4) the origin of the metallogenic material and the evolution characteristics of the ore-forming fluid are found out. The geochemical tracing results of C, O, S and Pb isotopes of hydrothermal minerals show that the ore-forming fluids and materials are characterized by multi source characteristics. Sulfur may be formed in the early stage of bacterial reduction. As the temperature of the ore-forming fluid rises gradually, the S of the ore-forming fluid is mainly formed by marine sulphate thermal reduction. In the process of reduction, the organic matter in the underlying shale, clastic rock and argillaceous rock stratum has been determined to be used. The CO_2 of the surrounding rock in the deposit may be with the basalt magma of the Mount Emei. The thermal dynamics are provided, and the CO_2 early stage of the hydrothermal calcite may be formed by low temperature alteration. With the increase of the metallogenic temperature, the later phase is mainly provided by marine carbonate rocks. D-P the lead isotope composition of carbonate rocks and basement rocks in different times is similar, obviously different from the lead isotopic composition of the Mount Emei and the Sinian Dengying group. (5) the metallogenic process of the Pb-Zn deposits in the region was determined and its genetic model was established. Fracture and fracture are formed. The surface water and groundwater under infiltration are driven by gravity and concentration, and the metallic elements of the metal elements such as Pb, Zn and other metallic elements are extracted from the fractured and fractured formations to form the ore bearing hot brine in the formation. At the time of dissolution, the surrounding rock formed karst cave, hole and so on. The ore bearing hot brine was enriched and precipitated along the karst cave, intergranular pore and fault fracture zone. With the migration and evolution of the fluid, the altered space zoning from the center of the ore body to the periphery of the ore body was formed, and the ore of the dense massive ore to the vein and the plaque like ore was formed. Stone zoning and later fault activation to form breccia ore, resulting in the formation of breccia ore in the center of the ore body, forming a mechanism of fluid penetration - formation extraction - structural ore control. (6) combining the actual geological conditions of the mining area and the foregoing understanding, the prospecting target area of 3 concealed ore deposits has been put forward. The newly discovered metal reserves of Pb-Zn resources are 50 thousand tons, the grade Pb 2% ~ 10%, Zn 4% ~ 30%., the metal reserves of Pb-Zn resources in the bright rock mining area have accumulated more than 100 thousand tons, and still have good prospecting potential.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：昆明理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：P618.4

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