【摘要】：論文主要針對我國石油、化工、輕工、交通、食品、制藥、冶金、紡織等傳統(tǒng)部門所需的過程設備的關鍵部件-壓力容器進行研究。 壓力容器可分解為筒體、封頭、支座、開孔接管、密封裝置、安全附件等，而封頭的作用是提供所需的承壓空間，根據(jù)幾何形狀的不同，封頭可以分為球形、橢圓形、蝶形、球冠形、錐殼和平蓋等幾種，其中球形、橢圓形、蝶形和球冠形封頭又統(tǒng)稱為凸形封頭。目前運用較為廣泛的凸形封頭是球形封頭和橢圓形封頭，球形封頭因單位容積的表面積小，且在直徑、壁厚和工作壓力相同的條件下應力最小，兩向薄膜應力相等，而且沿經(jīng)線是均勻分布的。如果和壁厚相等的筒體連接，邊緣附近的最大應力與薄膜應力并無明顯不同等優(yōu)點被廣泛用于壓力較高、直徑較大的高壓容器和特殊需要的場合；而橢圓形封頭經(jīng)線曲率變化平滑連續(xù)，故應力分布比較均勻，而橢圓形封頭深度較半球形封頭小得多，易于沖壓成型，，是目前中、低壓容器中應用較多的封頭。由于壓力容器在社會各行各業(yè)的生產(chǎn)、儲存、運輸?shù)确矫婢哂胁豢扇〈牡匚�，因此，為保證壓力容器工作時的安全，對球形封頭和橢圓形封頭進行應力分析及測定課題的研究是十分必要的。 目前應力分析方法有解析方法、數(shù)值方法、實驗應力方法。隨著科學技術的發(fā)展，新的實驗應力測定及分析方法不斷涌現(xiàn)，如電測法、光彈法、全息光彈法、全息干涉法、云紋法、散斑法等，目前應用最廣泛的是電測法和光彈法。而本次研究將以解析法、電測法、有限元分析法分別進行應力分析，這種實驗與理論相結(jié)合，用實驗來驗證理論分析的正確性，并借助計算機進行分析的方法，當前被廣泛使用。 本文研究的是壓力容器的球形封頭和橢圓形封頭的應力測定及分析。該研究采用的是解析法、電測法、有限元分析法，首先在這些不同方法下分別獲得各自的結(jié)果，并將所得的結(jié)果進行比較分析，指出兩種形式的封頭在實際應用中應注意的問題。最后將兩種形式的封頭的受力狀況和結(jié)構(gòu)特性進行比較，說明兩種形式的封頭在壓力容器設計中被廣泛使用的原因，即球形封頭具有受力均勻、應力較小的優(yōu)點，但深度大，整體沖壓成型較為困難；橢圓形封頭深度較淺，易于沖壓成型，且受力狀況僅次于球形封頭，而比其他封頭好。
[Abstract]:This paper mainly focuses on the research of pressure vessel, which is the key component of process equipment in traditional departments such as petroleum, chemical industry, light industry, transportation, food, pharmacy, metallurgy, textile and so on. The pressure vessel can be decomposed into the cylinder, the head, the support, the opening nozzle, the sealing device, the safety accessory, etc. The function of the head is to provide the required pressure space, according to the different geometry, the head can be divided into spherical, elliptical, butterfly, etc. The spherical, elliptical, butterfly and spherical crown heads are also known as convex heads. At present, the widely used convex head is spherical head and elliptical head. Because of the small surface area per unit volume, the spherical head has the smallest stress under the same diameter, wall thickness and working pressure, and the stress of the film is equal in both directions. And it is evenly distributed along the meridian. If the cylinder is connected with the wall thickness, the maximum stress near the edge and the film stress are not obviously different from each other. They are widely used in high pressure vessels with high pressure and large diameters and special needs. However, the curvature of the elliptical head is smooth and continuous, so the stress distribution is more uniform, and the depth of the elliptical head is much smaller than that of the hemispherical head, so it is easy to be punched. At present, the elliptical head is widely used in low pressure vessels. Since pressure vessels have an irreplaceable position in the production, storage and transportation of various sectors of society, in order to ensure the safety of pressure vessels, It is necessary to study the stress analysis and measurement of spherical head and elliptical head. At present, there are analytical method, numerical method and experimental stress method. With the development of science and technology, new experimental stress measurement and analysis methods have been emerging, such as electrometric method, photoelastic method, holographic interferometry, moire method, speckle method, etc. At present, the most widely used methods are electrometric method and photoelastic method. In this study, stress analysis will be carried out by analytical method, electric measurement method and finite element analysis method respectively. This kind of experiment is combined with theory to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis, and the method of computer analysis is used to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis. It is now widely used. The stress measurement and analysis of spherical and elliptical head of pressure vessel are studied in this paper. In this study, analytical method, electric measurement method and finite element analysis method are used. First of all, the respective results are obtained under these different methods, and the results obtained are compared and analyzed. The problems that should be paid attention to in practical application of two kinds of head are pointed out. Finally, by comparing the mechanical condition and structural characteristics of the two types of head, the reasons why the two types of head are widely used in the design of pressure vessel are explained, that is, the spherical head has the advantages of uniform force, small stress, but high depth. The whole stamping is difficult; The elliptical head is shallow in depth and easy to be punched, and its stress condition is second only to that of spherical head, which is better than that of other heads.
【學位授予單位】：西安工程大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TH49

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