【摘要】：旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門中發(fā)揮著非常重要的作用。隨著對旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械更高轉(zhuǎn)速、更高效率的追求,其核心部分轉(zhuǎn)子系統(tǒng)的工作環(huán)境越來越嚴(yán)峻,因此,轉(zhuǎn)子故障時(shí)常發(fā)生。這就需要對故障轉(zhuǎn)子的動力學(xué)特性、振動特征以及診斷技術(shù)進(jìn)行深入研究,以期為工程設(shè)計(jì)和故障診斷提供充分的指導(dǎo)。本文采用有限元方法,進(jìn)行故障轉(zhuǎn)子動力學(xué)特性與故障診斷技術(shù)研究,主要研究內(nèi)容如下： 1.對滑動軸承—轉(zhuǎn)子系統(tǒng)動力特性進(jìn)行研究,分析系統(tǒng)參數(shù)對其動力特性的影響。結(jié)果表明：偏心量、潤滑油動力粘度、軸承長徑比以及軸承間隙對系統(tǒng)均有較大影響；提高潤滑油動力粘度和減小滑動軸承間隙可提高系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性。 2.建立考慮彈性靜子的碰摩系統(tǒng)動力學(xué)模型,研究彈性靜子與非彈性靜子碰摩的異同。結(jié)果表明：靜子質(zhì)量越大、碰摩剛度越大,轉(zhuǎn)靜耦合作用越明顯。當(dāng)靜子質(zhì)量遠(yuǎn)大于轉(zhuǎn)子質(zhì)量時(shí),轉(zhuǎn)靜碰摩可簡化為非彈性靜子狀態(tài)；若靜子質(zhì)量與轉(zhuǎn)子質(zhì)量相近,在研究轉(zhuǎn)靜碰摩時(shí)必須考慮兩者之間的耦合作用。 3.對裂紋轉(zhuǎn)子系統(tǒng)動力特性進(jìn)行研究,分析系統(tǒng)參數(shù)對其動力特性的影響。結(jié)果表明：裂紋在轉(zhuǎn)軸中心或在低轉(zhuǎn)速、小偏心量的情況下,更容易被識別,裂紋的產(chǎn)生對系統(tǒng)失穩(wěn)轉(zhuǎn)速和失穩(wěn)類型影響不大。 4.對碰摩、裂紋轉(zhuǎn)子進(jìn)行故障診斷研究,提出將時(shí)域波形、FFT頻譜圖及Hilbert-Huang時(shí)頻譜應(yīng)用于轉(zhuǎn)子故障診斷中。系統(tǒng)地研究裂紋轉(zhuǎn)子、碰摩轉(zhuǎn)子以及兩故障耦合轉(zhuǎn)子在不同轉(zhuǎn)速下的振動特征,得出：裂紋轉(zhuǎn)子在臨界轉(zhuǎn)速的1/5、1/3和1/2運(yùn)行時(shí),頻譜圖中會出現(xiàn)明顯的5X、3X和2X諧波共振；Hilbert-Huang時(shí)頻譜能更準(zhǔn)確有效地辨別碰摩,甚至是頻譜分析無法診斷的輕微碰摩。 5.對故障轉(zhuǎn)子進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果很好地驗(yàn)證了數(shù)值方法得出的結(jié)論,并為轉(zhuǎn)子的故障診斷提供參考依據(jù)。 6.對高速離心壓氣機(jī)實(shí)驗(yàn)中出現(xiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)靜碰摩故障進(jìn)行分析,找出故障原因,并提出改進(jìn)方案；改進(jìn)后,實(shí)驗(yàn)件順利推到全轉(zhuǎn)速運(yùn)行,成功驗(yàn)證故障分析及改進(jìn)方案的合理性。
[Abstract]:Rotating machinery plays a very important role in various departments of national economy. With the pursuit of higher rotating speed and higher efficiency of rotating machinery, the working environment of rotor system is becoming more and more severe. Therefore, rotor faults often occur. In order to provide sufficient guidance for engineering design and fault diagnosis, it is necessary to deeply study the dynamic characteristics, vibration characteristics and diagnosis technology of the fault rotor. In this paper, the dynamic characteristics and fault diagnosis technology of rotor are studied by finite element method. The main contents are as follows: 1. The dynamic characteristics of sliding bearing-rotor system are studied and the influence of system parameters on its dynamic characteristics is analyzed. The results show that eccentricity, dynamic viscosity of lubricating oil, ratio of length to diameter of bearing and bearing clearance have great influence on the system, and increasing the dynamic viscosity of lubricating oil and reducing the clearance of sliding bearing can improve the stability of the system. 2. The dynamic model of rub-impact system considering elastic statics is established, and the similarities and differences between elastic statics and inelastic statics are studied. The results show that the greater the mass of the stator, the greater the impact stiffness and the more obvious the coupling effect is. When the mass of the stator is much larger than the mass of the rotor, the rotational static impact can be simplified as an inelastic static state, and if the mass of the stator is close to that of the rotor, the coupling action between the two must be considered in the study of rotational static impact. 3. The dynamic characteristics of cracked rotor system are studied and the influence of system parameters on its dynamic characteristics is analyzed. The results show that the crack is easier to be identified in the center of the shaft or in the case of low rotational speed and small eccentricity, and the occurrence of the crack has little effect on the instability speed and type of the system. 4. The fault diagnosis of rub-impact and cracked rotor is studied. Time domain waveform, FFT spectrum and Hilbert-Huang time spectrum are applied to rotor fault diagnosis. The vibration characteristics of cracked rotor, rub-impact rotor and coupled rotor with two faults at different speeds are systematically studied. It is concluded that when the cracked rotor runs at a critical speed of 1 / 5 / 1 / 3 and 1 / 2 of critical speed, there will be obvious 5X in the spectrum diagram. 3X and 2X harmonic resonance; The spectrum of Hilbert-Huang can identify rub-impact more accurately and effectively, even slightly rub-impact which can not be diagnosed by spectrum analysis. 5. The experimental results of the fault rotor verify the conclusion of the numerical method and provide a reference for the fault diagnosis of the rotor. 6. This paper analyzes the rotating static rub-impact fault in the experiment of high-speed centrifugal compressor, finds out the cause of the fault, and puts forward the improved scheme. After the improvement, the test piece is successfully pushed to the full rotational speed operation, and the rationality of the fault analysis and the improved scheme is verified successfully.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)院研究生院（工程熱物理研究所）
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：TH165.3

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