發(fā)布時間：2018-07-07 15:45

  本文選題：航空發(fā)動機 + 高速滾動軸承　； 參考：《哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：航空發(fā)動機不斷向大推重比、長壽命和高可靠性方向發(fā)展，對航空發(fā)動機高速滾動軸承的轉(zhuǎn)速、載荷等指標提出了越來越苛刻的要求。長期工作在高轉(zhuǎn)速和重載荷情況下的滾動軸承常呈現(xiàn)應(yīng)力過大、溫升過高等特點，發(fā)生擦傷、燒傷等失效，嚴重的還會帶來軸承卡死抱軸等嚴重后果。為此，對高速滾動軸承作了大量的結(jié)構(gòu)及材料方面的改進和創(chuàng)新，然而快速提升的苛刻工況條件已經(jīng)逼近了現(xiàn)有材料的使用極限。同時，航空發(fā)動機在工作過程中的高轉(zhuǎn)速巡航以及多工況轉(zhuǎn)換的特點，使得滾動軸承的動態(tài)穩(wěn)定性問題日益凸顯，帶來保持架斷裂、轉(zhuǎn)子系統(tǒng)失穩(wěn)等嚴重后果，在此背景下航空發(fā)動機高速滾動軸承的全工況包絡(luò)設(shè)計顯得不可或缺。因此，對航空發(fā)動機高速滾動軸承進行動態(tài)性能分析，研究其高速動力學(xué)行為，是面向工況進行軸承結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、保證軸承工作可靠性和延長軸承壽命的必不可少的共性基礎(chǔ)研究課題。本文圍繞航空發(fā)動機軸承典型苛刻工況條件，通過建模和仿真展開軸承動態(tài)性能研究，為軸承性能優(yōu)化提供依據(jù)，為軸承—轉(zhuǎn)子系統(tǒng)可靠性和穩(wěn)定性增長研究奠定基礎(chǔ)。 論文通過軸承內(nèi)部零件間的運動和位置關(guān)系分析，建立了零件間的相互作用模型，建立了高速球軸承和滾子軸承的完全動力學(xué)模型。采用Newtown-Raphson算法和Runge-Kutta算法結(jié)合的方法對動力學(xué)模型求解，解決了套圈和滾動體之間高頻振動對計算效率的影響，同時保證了動力學(xué)結(jié)果的精度。分析結(jié)果為分析不同工況條件下軸承的動力學(xué)行為提供了基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。建立的動力學(xué)模型適用于油潤滑和固體潤滑軸承計算，可以分析軸承裝配、溫差及離心作用影響，可以分析球軸承保持架的橢圓兜孔形式以及滾子軸承的母線輪廓修型影響。 針對軸承裝配導(dǎo)致的內(nèi)外圈軸線不對中現(xiàn)象，分析了軸承內(nèi)外圈偏斜對承載區(qū)載荷特性的影響：軸承內(nèi)外圈偏斜不僅導(dǎo)致承載滾動體發(fā)生偏載現(xiàn)象，引起局部接觸應(yīng)力過大，在軸承運轉(zhuǎn)過程中還會因為變剛度振動而影響承載區(qū)最大接觸應(yīng)力的波動。隨著內(nèi)外圈偏轉(zhuǎn)角度的增大，軸承接觸區(qū)內(nèi)最大接觸應(yīng)力值呈現(xiàn)逐漸上升趨于平穩(wěn)的狀態(tài)，，而承載區(qū)最大接觸應(yīng)力的波動幅度呈現(xiàn)先減小而后小幅增大的趨勢。以改善內(nèi)外圈偏斜對承載區(qū)最大接觸應(yīng)力的影響為目的，兼顧承載區(qū)應(yīng)力波動幅度變化，給出了增加滾子數(shù)量及滾子母線對數(shù)修型的定量依據(jù)。 根據(jù)建立的高速球軸承和滾子軸承動力學(xué)模型，從描述保持架穩(wěn)定性的保持架質(zhì)心渦動速度偏差比及反映滾動體整體打滑的保持架滑動率兩方面分析了定常工況下高速滾動軸承的動態(tài)性能，分析結(jié)果可為軸承失效分析提供理論依據(jù)。結(jié)果表明：轉(zhuǎn)速的增加可以提高保持架的穩(wěn)定性，但導(dǎo)致滾動體打滑率上升。對于球軸承，控制徑向載荷與軸向載荷的比值可以降低軸承滾動體的打滑率并有助于保持架穩(wěn)定性的提升；對于滾子軸承，徑向載荷的增加可以降低滾動體的打滑率，但同時導(dǎo)致保持架穩(wěn)定性減弱。 針對航空發(fā)動機工作中的多工況轉(zhuǎn)換特點，分別就發(fā)動機啟動、加速和加力三種過渡狀態(tài)，分析了軸承的瞬態(tài)動力學(xué)行為。結(jié)果表明：保持架的穩(wěn)定性與初始狀態(tài)關(guān)系較大。軸承啟動階段，外引導(dǎo)保持架受滾動體推動，承受載荷較小，但在較長一段時間內(nèi)處于不穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)；軸承加速和加載階段，保持架受滾動體和引導(dǎo)套圈共同作用，速度或推力的增加會加劇保持架與套圈引導(dǎo)面及滾動體的碰磨。 基于航空軸承高速、重載、高溫的工況特點，建立了考慮配合、工作溫度及高速離心載荷的軸承工作游隙計算模型，分析了軸承不同工況的工作游隙及其對軸承性能的影響。模型和分析結(jié)果為軸承配合參數(shù)設(shè)計提供指導(dǎo)。 對建立的動力學(xué)計算模型，采用軟件集成技術(shù)，通過Visual Basic和Matlab混合編程研制了滾動軸承動態(tài)性能分析軟件。軟件功能通過與SHABERTH軟件及ADORE軟件對典型算例的計算結(jié)果對比獲得了模型和方法的準確性驗證，表明本軟件在軸承穩(wěn)態(tài)動力學(xué)參數(shù)預(yù)測及軸承瞬態(tài)運動學(xué)預(yù)測兩方面都具有較好的精度。 基于考慮軸承微區(qū)接觸載荷的疲勞壽命計算方法，建立了以疲勞壽命為目標函數(shù)，以保持架滑動率、內(nèi)外圈溝曲率系數(shù)和填球角為約束條件的軸承結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)優(yōu)化模型。分析了軸承結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)對軸承穩(wěn)定性的影響。研究了軸承內(nèi)外圈相對轉(zhuǎn)動方式對軸承結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化的影響。分析結(jié)果為航空發(fā)動機軸承的延壽方法提供了理論基礎(chǔ)。 針對高速軸承-轉(zhuǎn)子系統(tǒng)的動力學(xué)耦合特點，建立了軸承-轉(zhuǎn)子系統(tǒng)的耦合動力學(xué)分析模型，初步分析了轉(zhuǎn)子對軸承動力學(xué)的影響：轉(zhuǎn)子振動引起的滾動體和套圈間接觸應(yīng)力和相對滑動增大將對軸承疲勞壽命及溫升產(chǎn)生不良影響，分析結(jié)果為進一步研究重載摩擦副接觸微區(qū)的微觀失效行為提供了基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:The aeroengine is constantly developing to the big push weight ratio, long life life and high reliability direction. It has put forward more and more demanding requirements for the speed and load of the aero engine high speed rolling bearing. The rolling bearings working in the condition of high speed and heavy load often present the high stress, high temperature rising, bruise, burn and so on. For this reason, a large number of structural and material improvements and innovations have been made for the high speed rolling bearings. However, the critical conditions for fast lifting have already approximated the limit of the use of the existing materials. At the same time, the high speed cruising and multi working conditions of the aero engine in the working process. The characteristic of conversion makes the dynamic stability of the rolling bearing become more and more prominent, which brings the serious consequences of the fracture of the cage and the instability of the rotor system. In this context, the full envelope design of the high speed rolling bearing of the aeroengine is indispensable. Therefore, the dynamic performance analysis of the high speed rolling bearing of the aero engine is carried out and the height of the aeroengine is studied. The fast dynamic behavior is an essential basic research subject for optimizing bearing structure, ensuring the reliability of bearing and prolonging the life of bearing. In this paper, the dynamic performance of bearing is studied by modeling and simulation, which provides the basis for the optimization of bearing performance. The research on reliability and stability growth of bearing rotor system lays the foundation.
Through the analysis of the motion and position relationship between the inner parts of the bearing, the interaction model between the parts is established and the complete dynamic model of the high speed ball bearing and roller bearing is established. The dynamic model is solved by combining the Newtown-Raphson algorithm with the Runge-Kutta algorithm, and the high frequency vibration between the ring and the rolling body is solved. The analysis results provide basic data for analyzing the dynamic behavior of bearing under different working conditions. The dynamic model is suitable for the calculation of oil lubrication and solid lubrication bearing, which can analyze the effect of bearing assembly, temperature difference and centrifugal effect, and can analyze the ball axis. The form of the elliptical pocket and the modification of the busbar contour of the roller bearing are adopted.
In view of the misalignment of the axis of the inner and outer ring caused by the bearing assembly, the effect of the deviation of the inner and outer ring of the bearing on the load characteristics of the bearing area is analyzed. The deviation of the inner and outer ring of the bearing not only causes the loading of the load-bearing roller, which causes the excessive local contact stress, but also affects the largest bearing area in the process of bearing operation because of the variable stiffness vibration. With the increase of the deflection angle of the inner and outer ring, the maximum contact stress in the bearing contact area tends to rise to a steady state, and the fluctuation amplitude of the maximum contact stress in the bearing area decreases first and then increases slightly, in order to improve the influence of the inner and outer ring deflection on the maximum contact stress in the bearing area. Taking account of the variation of the stress fluctuation range in the bearing area, the quantitative basis for increasing the number of rollers and the logarithmic modification of roller busbars is given.
Based on the dynamic model of the high speed ball bearing and roller bearing, the dynamic performance of the high speed rolling bearing is analyzed from two aspects, which describe the deviation ratio of the centering whirl velocity of the cage and the slip rate reflecting the overall skidding of the roller. The analysis results can provide the theoretical basis for the bearing failure analysis. The results show that the increase of the speed can increase the stability of the cage, but the roller skid rate increases. For the ball bearing, the ratio of the radial load to the axial load can reduce the slipping rate of the bearing roller and help to improve the stability of the cage; for the roller bearing, the increase of the radial load can reduce the rolling body. The slipping rate, at the same time, causes the cage stability to weaken.
The transient dynamic behavior of the bearing is analyzed in three transition states, which are engine starting, accelerating and adding force respectively. The results show that the stability of the cage is closely related to the initial state. The external guide cage is driven by the rolling body in the starting stage of the bearing, but the load is less, but the load is less. In a longer period of time, it is in the unstable state; the bearing acceleration and loading stage, the cage is subjected to the joint action of the rolling body and the guide ring, and the increase of speed or thrust will aggravate the rubbing of the cage and the ring guide surface and the rolling body.
Based on the working conditions of high speed, heavy load and high temperature of aero bearing, the calculation model of working clearance of bearing in consideration of coordination, working temperature and high speed centrifugal load is established. The working clearance of bearing and its effect on bearing performance in different working conditions are analyzed. The model and analysis results provide guidance for the design of shaft bearing with parameters.
The dynamic performance analysis software of rolling bearing is developed by the software integration technology and the hybrid programming of Visual Basic and Matlab. The software function proves the accuracy of the model and square method by comparing the calculation results of the typical examples with the SHABERTH software and the ADORE software, indicating that the software is stable in the bearing. Two aspects of state dynamic parameter prediction and bearing transient kinematic prediction have good accuracy.
Based on the fatigue life calculation method considering the contact load of the bearing micro area, the parameter optimization model of bearing structure is established, which takes the fatigue life as the objective function, the cage sliding rate, the inner and outer ring groove curvature coefficient and the ball filling angle as the constraint conditions. The influence of the bearing structure parameters on the bearing stability is analyzed. The relative rotation of the inner and outer ring of the bearing is studied. The analysis results provide a theoretical basis for prolonging the life of aeroengine bearings.
In view of the dynamic coupling characteristics of the high-speed bearing rotor system, a coupling dynamic analysis model of the bearing rotor system is established. The effect of the rotor on the bearing dynamics is preliminarily analyzed. The contact stress between the rolling body and the ring caused by the rotor vibration and the increase of relative sliding will have a bad effect on the fatigue life and temperature rise of the axle bearing. The results provide a basis for further studying the microscopic failure behavior of the contact microzone of heavy friction pairs.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：V232;TH133.33

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