本文選題：塔式起重機(jī)(塔機(jī)) + 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)　； 參考：《華南理工大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：近年來高層建筑施工迅猛發(fā)展,塔機(jī)作為主要的高層垂直運(yùn)輸機(jī)械廣泛應(yīng)用于主體工程施工中。由于塔機(jī)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)和安裝拆卸專項(xiàng)施工涉及結(jié)構(gòu)荷載取值、地基與基礎(chǔ)、鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)、高聳結(jié)構(gòu)、建筑機(jī)械、施工管理、設(shè)備檢測、工程監(jiān)理等諸多專業(yè),技術(shù)含量較高,安裝與拆卸過程較為復(fù)雜,發(fā)生安全事故的社會(huì)影響和經(jīng)濟(jì)后果嚴(yán)重。針對(duì)目前塔機(jī)安全問題,本文通過對(duì)塔機(jī)事故案例的原因分析,歸納出塔機(jī)安全事故的隱患問題及解決方法。 一、在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)方面,主要存在的問題是塔機(jī)傳遞到基礎(chǔ)頂面的M、、荷載在計(jì)算時(shí)存在參數(shù)取值偏差,比如沒有結(jié)合工程所在地的基本風(fēng)壓,風(fēng)振系數(shù)Fv Fhw0βz、體型系數(shù)、風(fēng)壓等效高度變化系數(shù)在計(jì)算取值上存在偏差或錯(cuò)誤,造成水平荷載計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤。另外,沒有依據(jù)工程所選用的塔機(jī)型號(hào)進(jìn)行荷載參數(shù)選用也會(huì)帶來荷載計(jì)算的偏差。其次,缺乏對(duì)塔機(jī)基礎(chǔ)地質(zhì)勘察報(bào)告,地基承載力特征值fak參照毗鄰項(xiàng)目數(shù)據(jù),也給基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)的安全性帶來偏差。在常見塔機(jī)基礎(chǔ)選型方面要綜合考慮現(xiàn)場條件、地質(zhì)狀況、荷載大小、建筑平面、施工組織、造價(jià)成本和施工安全等因素。而現(xiàn)實(shí)情況是塔機(jī)使用單位或者安裝單位往往不考慮以上相關(guān)因素,盲目選擇基礎(chǔ)形式,因此導(dǎo)致基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)要么保守浪費(fèi),要么抗傾覆穩(wěn)定性、地基承載力或者基礎(chǔ)抗沖切不能夠滿足要求,存在安全隱患。在具體的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)過程中,針對(duì)不同的基礎(chǔ)類型,基礎(chǔ)的安全指標(biāo)體系也不完全相同。根據(jù)作者審查塔機(jī)基礎(chǔ)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),目前大量的塔機(jī)基礎(chǔ)安全指標(biāo)體系混亂,缺乏統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。針對(duì)以上狀況,本文提出一個(gè)比較系統(tǒng)完善的塔機(jī)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)體系,詳細(xì)規(guī)定了塔機(jī)參數(shù)選擇、荷載計(jì)算、地基承載力計(jì)算、基礎(chǔ)截面配筋計(jì)算、基礎(chǔ)抗沖切驗(yàn)算、基礎(chǔ)抗傾覆穩(wěn)定性驗(yàn)算的公式和允許值指標(biāo),具有簡明性、針對(duì)性和指導(dǎo)性,方便塔機(jī)使用單位和監(jiān)理機(jī)構(gòu)在設(shè)計(jì)和審查塔機(jī)方案時(shí),有一個(gè)可參照的計(jì)算指標(biāo)體系。u su zFh 二、在塔機(jī)安裝與拆卸方面,安全問題突出表現(xiàn)在塔機(jī)安拆單位無塔機(jī)安拆資質(zhì)、無經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)的特種作業(yè)上崗人員、無塔機(jī)安裝拆卸方案,冒險(xiǎn)作業(yè)現(xiàn)象較多,大量安全事故發(fā)生在塔機(jī)的安裝、頂升和拆除過程之中。針對(duì)這種管理現(xiàn)狀,本文指出建立特種設(shè)備執(zhí)法檢查制度,加大對(duì)塔機(jī)安裝拆卸企業(yè)的資質(zhì)審查力度,建立塔機(jī)安拆企業(yè)項(xiàng)目安拆方案的備案制度,對(duì)沒有塔機(jī)安拆專項(xiàng)施工方案的塔機(jī)安拆單位進(jìn)行處罰和通報(bào)。同時(shí)加強(qiáng)對(duì)塔機(jī)安拆單位特殊作業(yè)上崗人員的培訓(xùn)和動(dòng)態(tài)抽查人員異動(dòng)情況,確保安裝和拆卸作業(yè)人員為經(jīng)過專業(yè)培訓(xùn)的特種作業(yè)上崗人員,從人力資源上保證塔機(jī)安裝與拆卸的安全作業(yè)。 三、在塔機(jī)特種設(shè)備信息管理方面,目前市場上尚未有建立塔機(jī)檔案備案制度,導(dǎo)致一臺(tái)塔機(jī)出廠后流入租賃市場和施工工地的后續(xù)信息無法追蹤,如塔機(jī)超期服役,違規(guī)修補(bǔ),非法改裝,以舊充新等安全隱患信息不能記錄,這些隱患都是導(dǎo)致塔機(jī)安全事故的直接原因。鑒于此,本文指出特種設(shè)備監(jiān)督管理部門應(yīng)建立塔機(jī)檔案備案制度,連續(xù)記錄塔機(jī)流入市場后的所有信息。特種設(shè)備監(jiān)督管理部門要定期抽查工地所用塔機(jī)的信息檔案,對(duì)于不建立檔案的塔機(jī)所有權(quán)單位處以重罰,并由塔機(jī)所有權(quán)單位補(bǔ)辦塔機(jī)檔案備案手續(xù)! 四、在塔機(jī)使用與維修方面,存在非特種作業(yè)上崗人員充當(dāng)司機(jī)、司索和信號(hào)工,違章作業(yè),違章指揮,違章使用,安全隱患很大。為扭轉(zhuǎn)這種局面,本文建議加強(qiáng)對(duì)塔機(jī)使用單位特種作業(yè)上崗人員的培訓(xùn)和檢查,對(duì)特種作業(yè)上崗人員不齊全的塔機(jī)使用單位進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)處罰或行政通報(bào),責(zé)令停工整改。 五、在塔機(jī)施工安全監(jiān)理方面,目前普遍存在監(jiān)理人員對(duì)使用單位報(bào)送的塔機(jī)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)與安裝拆卸施工方案的審查,流于形式化的定性語言描述,尤其對(duì)于塔機(jī)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)方案缺乏定量的計(jì)算依據(jù)。這一方面說明監(jiān)理工程師的專業(yè)能力需要提高,另一方面,監(jiān)理工程師缺乏一套系統(tǒng)的塔機(jī)施工安全監(jiān)理指導(dǎo)文件。本文針對(duì)上述現(xiàn)狀提出推行塔機(jī)施工安全監(jiān)理方案的專家論證制度,經(jīng)過5人以上單數(shù)的專家論證后的方案才能由使用單位上報(bào)給監(jiān)理單位審批。同時(shí),本文旨在完成一套系統(tǒng)的塔機(jī)施工安全監(jiān)理指導(dǎo)文件,加大對(duì)監(jiān)理工程師的業(yè)務(wù)培訓(xùn),指導(dǎo)監(jiān)理工程師有章可循地進(jìn)行塔機(jī)施工安全方案的審查工作。 本文通過對(duì)以上五大問題進(jìn)行論證分析和案例研究,歸納出課題的研究結(jié)論和建議。該課題經(jīng)過項(xiàng)目監(jiān)理機(jī)構(gòu)的實(shí)踐運(yùn)用和實(shí)證分析,主要效益表現(xiàn)在: 一、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益方面。避免塔機(jī)發(fā)生倒塌、折臂、墜物等群死群傷惡性事故發(fā)生,按照每起事故傷亡3人,每人賠償42萬醫(yī)療費(fèi)及撫恤金計(jì)算,節(jié)約3×42=126萬元,避免塔機(jī)本身的維修費(fèi)約5萬元,即直接避免的安全事故費(fèi)用約131萬元。在安全事故的調(diào)查期間,工地還要停工,每工日綜合窩工費(fèi)約100元,一臺(tái)塔機(jī)直接影響的鋼筋工、木工、混凝土工按50人計(jì)算,每天的停工損失為50×100=5000元,塔機(jī)的租賃費(fèi)約每臺(tái)班1000元。即每天的窩工費(fèi)和塔機(jī)租賃費(fèi)為6000元,這僅按50人和一臺(tái)塔機(jī)考慮,且未考慮停工造成工期延誤帶來的處罰。 二、社會(huì)效益方面。維護(hù)了人民群眾生命財(cái)產(chǎn)的安全,有利于家庭的幸福和社會(huì)的和諧。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the construction of high rise building is developing rapidly. As the main high rise vertical transport machinery, tower crane is widely used in the construction of main body. The special construction of tower crane foundation design and installation and dismantling involves the value of structure load, foundation and foundation, reinforced concrete structure, steel structure, towering structure, construction machinery, construction management, equipment testing, Engineering supervision and many other specialties, technical content is high, the installation and disassembly process is more complex, the social and economic consequences of safety accidents are serious. Aiming at the problem of tower crane safety, this paper sums up the hidden trouble problems and solutions of tower crane accidents through the analysis of the cause of the tower crane accident case.
First, in the basic design, the main problem is that the tower is transferred to the M of the top surface, and there is a deviation of the parameters when the load is calculated. For example, there is no basic wind pressure on the site of the project, such as the wind vibration coefficient Fv Fhw0 beta Z, the figure coefficient, the equivalent height of the wind pressure, and the deviation or error of the calculation value, causing the horizontal load. In addition, the selection of the load parameters selected by the tower machine model selected by the project will also bring the deviation of the load calculation. Secondly, the basic geological survey report of the tower crane is lack. The characteristic value of the foundation bearing capacity FAK refers to the adjacent project data, and also brings the deviation to the safety of the basic design. The factors such as site conditions, geological conditions, load size, building plane, construction organization, cost cost and construction safety are taken into consideration. The actual situation is that the tower crane unit or installation unit often does not consider the above related factors and chooses the basic form blindly, so that the basic design is either conservative waste or anti overturning stability. The basic safety index system is not exactly the same in the specific basic design process. According to the author's experience in examining the foundation of the tower, a large number of tower crane basic safety index systems are in confusion and lack of unified standard. According to the above situation, this paper puts forward a more systematic and perfect tower crane foundation design system, which specifies the selection of tower crane parameters, load calculation, calculation of foundation bearing capacity, foundation section reinforcement calculation, basic anti scouring checking calculation, the common and allowable value indexes of base anti overturning stability checking calculation, which is concise, pertinent and instructive. There is a reference index system.U Su zFh to facilitate the use of tower crane units and supervision organizations in the design and examination of tower crane schemes.
Two, in the installation and disassembly of the tower crane, the safety problem is manifested in the safety and dismantling of the tower crane without the tower crane, the non - trained special operation staff, the installation and disassembly scheme without the tower crane, the phenomenon of adventure operation more, a large number of safety accidents occur in the installation of the tower crane, the lifting and dismantling process. The article points out the establishment of the law enforcement inspection system for special equipment, the strengthening of the qualification examination of the tower crane installation and dismantling enterprises, the establishment of the record system for the safety and dismantling schemes of the tower crane safety and dismantling enterprises, and the punishment and notification of the tower crane units without the special construction plan of the tower crane and dismantling. The training and dynamic inspection of the personnel's special movement, ensure the installation and disassembly workers for the special operation staff who have been trained by professional training, and ensure the safety operation of the installation and disassembly of the tower crane from the human resources.
Three, in the information management of tower crane special equipment, there has not yet been set up a record filing system on the tower, which leads to the inflow of the follow-up information to the rental market and construction site after the tower is out of the factory, such as the overdue service of the tower, the repair of the violation, the illegal modification, and the hidden hidden danger information, such as the old charging new, all these hidden dangers In view of this, this article points out that the special equipment supervision and management department should set up the file filing system of the tower crane to record all the information after the tower is inflow into the market. The special equipment supervision and management department should regularly check the information file of the tower crane on the site, and do not establish the ownership unit of the tower crane. Heavy penalties will be imposed, and the tower crane archives will be filed by the owner of the tower crane.
Four, in the use and maintenance of the tower crane, there are non special operation staff acting as drivers, SSO and signal workers, illegal operations, illegal command, illegal use, and a great hidden danger. In order to reverse this situation, this paper proposes to strengthen the training and inspection of the personnel of the special operation of the tower machine. The use of tower crane units to carry out economic penalties or administrative bulletin, ordered to stop work rectification.
Five, in the safety supervision of the tower crane construction, there is a general existence of the review of the foundation design and the installation and dismantling scheme submitted by the supervisor to the use unit, which is a formal qualitative language description, especially for the design of the tower foundation. This shows the professional ability of the supervision engineer. In order to improve, on the other hand, the supervision engineer lacks a set of systematic safety supervision guidance documents for tower construction. In this paper, an expert demonstration system is put forward to carry out the construction safety supervision scheme of tower crane. The scheme can be submitted to the supervision unit by the unit of use after 5 or more expert demonstration. At the same time, the purpose of this paper is to be given. In the completion of a system of tower crane construction safety supervision guidance documents, increase the training of the supervision engineer, and guide the supervision engineer to review the safety plan of the tower construction.
Through the demonstration analysis and case study of the above five major problems, this paper summarizes the conclusions and suggestions of the research. The main benefits of the project are shown in the practice and empirical analysis of the project supervision organization.
First, the economic benefits. Avoid the collapse of the tower, folding arm, falling objects and other groups of fatal accidents, according to each accident casualty of 3 people, compensation of 420 thousand medical expenses and pension calculation, save 3 x 42=126 million yuan, avoid the maintenance of the tower itself about 50 thousand yuan, that is, the direct connection to avoid the safety accident costs about 1 million 310 thousand yuan. In a safety accident. During the investigation, the construction site also stopped working, with a comprehensive cost of about 100 yuan per day. The steel workers, carpenters and concrete workers directly affected by a tower crane were calculated by 50 people. The daily loss was 50 x 100=5000 yuan and the tower crane was about 1000 yuan for each class. That is, the daily working fee and the tower crane rental fee are 6000 yuan, which are only 50 people and a tower crane. Consider and do not consider the penalty caused by the delay in construction.
Two, in terms of social benefits, it safeguards the safety of people's lives and property, and is conducive to family happiness and social harmony.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華南理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：TH213.3

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本文編號(hào)：1890160