【摘要】：超聲振動(dòng)珩磨技術(shù)是一種難加工材料的有效處理方法,磨削液在超聲作用下會(huì)產(chǎn)生空化現(xiàn)象。空化泡的振動(dòng)過(guò)程、潰滅瞬間的高溫高壓物理環(huán)境以及隨之產(chǎn)生的微射流和沖擊波都會(huì)對(duì)材料表面產(chǎn)生不可忽略的影響。本論文針對(duì)磨削區(qū)的單空化泡,結(jié)合空化泡動(dòng)力學(xué)相關(guān)理論,采用理論建模、數(shù)值仿真和試驗(yàn)分析等方式,研究了單空化泡運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中各參量的變化情況,并探究了多種因素對(duì)單空化泡運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響。主要的研究?jī)?nèi)容和結(jié)論如下:1.在前人研究基礎(chǔ)上,考慮煤油蒸氣的冷凝與蒸發(fā)和珩磨加工環(huán)境的特點(diǎn),建立了超聲振動(dòng)珩磨磨削區(qū)單空化泡的動(dòng)力學(xué)模型,運(yùn)用Matlab軟件對(duì)空化泡運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中的氣泡半徑、泡內(nèi)溫度、泡內(nèi)壓強(qiáng)和煤油蒸氣分子數(shù)進(jìn)行了數(shù)值模擬,結(jié)果表明煤油蒸氣的冷凝與蒸發(fā)能夠有助于解釋泡內(nèi)溫度和泡內(nèi)壓強(qiáng)的變化過(guò)程。2.通過(guò)比較傳統(tǒng)超聲與超聲振動(dòng)珩磨兩種環(huán)境、不同初始半徑下磨削區(qū)空化泡狀態(tài)參量的變化情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)由于珩磨壓力的存在,超聲振動(dòng)珩磨下的空化泡運(yùn)動(dòng)幅值受到較大抑制,但運(yùn)動(dòng)變化頻率卻加快,泡內(nèi)壓強(qiáng)與溫度的最小值較大,同時(shí)泡內(nèi)煤油蒸氣分子數(shù)較少;隨著空化泡初始半徑的增大,氣泡半徑快速膨脹的時(shí)刻提前,最大膨脹倍數(shù)減小,壓縮潰滅時(shí)間也相應(yīng)縮短,泡內(nèi)壓力和溫度的最大值變大,泡內(nèi)煤油蒸氣分子數(shù)增多。3.研究超聲珩磨和外界環(huán)境因素對(duì)空化泡運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程的作用,結(jié)果表明珩磨壓力、煤油液粘性和超聲頻率有較大影響,而珩磨頭的回轉(zhuǎn)和往復(fù)速度幾乎沒(méi)有影響。珩磨壓力的增大會(huì)顯著減小空化泡的最大半徑,還可能將空化泡直接壓潰;煤油粘性系數(shù)越大,空化泡膨脹的阻力越大,半徑的變化越小;超聲波頻率越高,超聲作用時(shí)間越短,空化泡越難以充分生長(zhǎng),半徑將變小。4.探討不同外界聲場(chǎng)激勵(lì)下空化泡的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài),與單頻激勵(lì)(正弦信號(hào))相比,發(fā)現(xiàn)多頻激勵(lì)下的空化泡會(huì)經(jīng)歷更為平緩的生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程,半徑變大;不同的多頻激勵(lì)相位差組合,會(huì)隨機(jī)地改變空化泡的運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程;三角波的功率較小,輸入的聲場(chǎng)能量也較少,致使空化泡半徑略小,而方波正好與三角波相反。5.采用水聽(tīng)器法測(cè)量了超聲珩磨磨削區(qū)的空化聲場(chǎng),結(jié)果表明隨著水聽(tīng)器探頭與變幅桿距離的不斷增大,測(cè)得的空化聲壓值逐漸減小;增大超聲波發(fā)生器的功率,聲壓值明顯升高。利用鋁箔腐蝕法研究了空化效應(yīng)對(duì)材料表面的空蝕作用,鋁箔表面會(huì)出現(xiàn)許多大小不一的空蝕坑;增大功率,減小鋁箔與變幅桿的橫向距離,空蝕坑變密集,聲壓值越大的地方,空化效應(yīng)越劇烈。
[Abstract]:Ultrasonic vibration honing is an effective method for the treatment of refractory materials. The grinding fluid can produce cavitation under the action of ultrasonic. The vibration process of cavitation bubble, the instantaneous physical environment of high temperature and high pressure, and the resulting micro-jet and shock wave can not be ignored. Based on the theory of cavitation dynamics and theoretical modeling, numerical simulation and experimental analysis, the variation of parameters in the process of single cavitation bubble is studied in this paper. The influence of various factors on the motion of cavitation bubble is also discussed. The main contents and conclusions are as follows: 1. On the basis of previous studies, considering the characteristics of condensing, evaporation and honing environment of kerosene vapor, a dynamic model of single cavitation bubble in ultrasonic vibration honing grinding area is established. The bubble radius in the process of cavitation bubble motion is calculated by using Matlab software. The results show that condensation and evaporation of kerosene vapor can help to explain the change process of temperature and pressure in the bubble. By comparing the variation of cavitation bubble state parameters in different initial radius between traditional ultrasonic honing environment and ultrasonic vibration honing environment, it is found that the amplitude of cavitation bubble motion under ultrasonic vibration honing is greatly restrained due to the existence of honing pressure. However, with the increase of the initial radius of the cavitation bubble, the rapid expansion of the bubble radius is advanced, and the maximum expansion multiple decreases, with the increase of the initial radius of the cavitation bubble, the minimum value of the pressure and temperature in the bubble is larger, and the number of kerosene vapor molecules in the bubble is less. The compression collapse time was also shortened, the maximum pressure and temperature in the bubble increased, and the molecular number of kerosene vapor in the bubble increased by .3. The effects of ultrasonic honing and external environmental factors on cavitation bubble movement are studied. The results show that honing pressure, kerosene viscosity and ultrasonic frequency are greatly affected, while the rotary and reciprocating velocity of honing head have little effect. As the honing pressure increases, the maximum radius of cavitation bubble will be significantly reduced, and the cavitation bubble may be crushed directly. The larger the viscosity coefficient of kerosene, the greater the resistance of cavitation bubble expansion, the smaller the change of radius, and the higher the ultrasonic frequency. The shorter the ultrasonic action time, the more difficult the cavitation bubble is to grow fully, and the radius will become smaller. 4. The moving state of cavitation bubble under different external acoustic field excitation is discussed. Compared with single frequency excitation (sinusoidal signal), it is found that the cavitation bubble under multi-frequency excitation will experience a more smooth growth process and a larger radius, and different combinations of multi-frequency excitation phase difference, The moving process of cavitation bubble will be changed randomly, the power of triangle wave is smaller and the input energy of sound field is less, so the radius of cavitation bubble is slightly smaller, and the square wave is just opposite to triangle wave. The cavitation sound field in the grinding area of ultrasonic honing is measured by hydrophone method. The results show that with the increasing of the distance between the hydrophone probe and the horn, the measured sound pressure decreases gradually, and the power of the ultrasonic generator increases. The sound pressure increased obviously. The cavitation effect of the cavitation effect on the surface of the material is studied by using the aluminum foil corrosion method. Many cavitation pits of different sizes will appear on the surface of the aluminum foil, increasing the power, reducing the transverse distance between the aluminum foil and the amplitude lever, and the cavitation pit becoming denser. The greater the sound pressure, the more intense the cavitation effect is.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TG663;TG580.67

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