發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-16 08:07

  本文選題：圓柱類部件 + 自動(dòng)化相控陣超聲成像��； 參考：《浙江大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：管類、軸類及棒材等作為在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)、國(guó)防建設(shè)和高新技術(shù)等相關(guān)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用廣泛的圓柱類部件,其質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)劣直接決定相關(guān)設(shè)備的運(yùn)行性能和使用壽命,長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)對(duì)無(wú)損檢測(cè)技術(shù)具有強(qiáng)烈需求。盡管目前無(wú)損檢測(cè)方法眾多,但由于超聲無(wú)損檢測(cè)技術(shù)具有其它方法難以媲美的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì),特別是相控陣超聲技術(shù)具有波束柔性合成與自適應(yīng)控制能力,能方便滿足不同的應(yīng)用需求,可有效減少檢測(cè)死區(qū)和盲區(qū),已成為了無(wú)損檢測(cè)領(lǐng)域研究的熱點(diǎn)之一,并受無(wú)損評(píng)價(jià)大趨勢(shì)的驅(qū)動(dòng)下正朝自動(dòng)化超聲成像檢測(cè)方向邁進(jìn),在圓柱類部件定量無(wú)損檢測(cè)方面蘊(yùn)含巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿ΑＨ欢?自動(dòng)化檢測(cè)往往是在水浸的方式下實(shí)施,面向的對(duì)象將是一種疊層結(jié)構(gòu),其聲波傳播特性更為復(fù)雜,聲學(xué)信號(hào)除受激勵(lì)脈沖和介質(zhì)作用外,還受到界面聲學(xué)效應(yīng)的影響,導(dǎo)致成像分辨率影響因素復(fù)雜,加之在運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中發(fā)射和接收信號(hào)加重了衍射效應(yīng),現(xiàn)有的相控陣超聲成像技術(shù)在成像分辨率和實(shí)時(shí)性等方面還存在諸多不足,難以滿足圓柱類部件自動(dòng)化定量無(wú)損檢測(cè)的應(yīng)用需求。基于以上背景,本學(xué)位論文結(jié)合國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目"基于旋轉(zhuǎn)聲場(chǎng)的高性能自動(dòng)化在線超聲無(wú)損檢測(cè)理論與實(shí)踐研究"(No.51175465),提出開(kāi)展基于相控陣超聲成像的圓柱類部件自動(dòng)化無(wú)損檢測(cè)理論與實(shí)踐的研究。在分析超聲無(wú)損檢測(cè)和相控陣超聲成像相關(guān)技術(shù)研究現(xiàn)狀及其發(fā)展趨勢(shì),明確圓柱類部件相控陣超聲成像檢測(cè)機(jī)理的基礎(chǔ)上,重點(diǎn)開(kāi)展相控陣超聲波束的波束域自適應(yīng)合成、疊層結(jié)構(gòu)相控陣超聲稀疏化反演成像以及全矩陣頻域成像等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的研究,并結(jié)合圖像形態(tài)學(xué)預(yù)處理及其分割方法,完成超聲成像結(jié)果的處理與分析,實(shí)現(xiàn)圓柱類部件缺陷定量無(wú)損檢測(cè)。同時(shí),研發(fā)一套相控陣超聲成像檢測(cè)系統(tǒng),以滿足無(wú)縫鋼管質(zhì)量自動(dòng)化檢測(cè)的應(yīng)用需求。具體的研究?jī)?nèi)容及創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)在:第一章,闡述圓柱類部件在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和現(xiàn)代國(guó)防建設(shè)中發(fā)揮的巨大作用,以及開(kāi)展圓柱類部件自動(dòng)化相控陣超聲成像檢測(cè)技術(shù)研究的重要意義,分析超聲無(wú)損檢測(cè)技術(shù)和相控陣超聲成像檢測(cè)技術(shù)的研究現(xiàn)狀及其發(fā)展趨勢(shì),明確目前相控陣超聲成像檢測(cè)理論和相關(guān)技術(shù)所存在的問(wèn)題,為本文的研究指明方向。同時(shí),對(duì)本學(xué)位論文的研究?jī)?nèi)容及各章節(jié)進(jìn)行安排。第二章,開(kāi)展圓柱類部件相控陣超聲成像檢測(cè)理論基礎(chǔ)的研究。在研究圓柱坐標(biāo)系下波動(dòng)方程及其通解的基礎(chǔ)上,明確圓柱介質(zhì)內(nèi)聲波的傳播機(jī)理及超聲成像分辨率的影響因素,并利用空間脈沖響應(yīng)聲學(xué)模型對(duì)相控陣超聲換能器的輻射聲場(chǎng)進(jìn)行計(jì)算仿真及特性分析。同時(shí),以疊層圓柱結(jié)構(gòu)為應(yīng)用對(duì)象,研究相控陣超聲入射波束的控制方法,實(shí)現(xiàn)非均勻介質(zhì)中波束的偏轉(zhuǎn)與聚焦,為后續(xù)研究奠定必要的理論基礎(chǔ)。第三章,提出一種相控陣超聲波束的波束域自適應(yīng)合成技術(shù),有效改善波束自適應(yīng)合成的實(shí)時(shí)性。將相控陣陣元所接收到的回波信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換至波束域后,在波束域內(nèi),利用信號(hào)協(xié)方差矩陣逆的高階次冪乘逼近目標(biāo)信號(hào)子空間的同時(shí),以最小方差法獲得波束合成的權(quán)值向量,并投影到上述信號(hào)子空間上,確定出波束域最優(yōu)權(quán)值向量,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)自適應(yīng)波束合成。仿真與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,該技術(shù)在確保相控陣超聲成像橫向與對(duì)比度分辨率的基礎(chǔ)上,能大幅減少運(yùn)算量,有利于實(shí)際工程應(yīng)用。第四章,提出一種疊層結(jié)構(gòu)相控陣超聲稀疏化反演成像技術(shù),高效和高分辨率實(shí)現(xiàn)基于波束合成的疊層結(jié)構(gòu)相控陣超聲成像。通過(guò)脈沖響應(yīng)方法建立融合聲學(xué)衍射和電子效應(yīng)的相控陣超聲成像線性模型,將圖像重建問(wèn)題轉(zhuǎn)化為基于缺陷稀疏化分布特性的正則化反演問(wèn)題,構(gòu)造含有l(wèi)2和l1范數(shù)的優(yōu)化目標(biāo)函數(shù),并利用可分離近似稀疏重建算法得到最優(yōu)解,快速獲得高分辨率的成像結(jié)果。仿真與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,該技術(shù)可以明顯改善相控陣超聲成像的橫向和縱向分辨率,并具有較高的成像實(shí)時(shí)性。第五章,提出一種疊層結(jié)構(gòu)相控陣超聲全矩陣頻域成像技術(shù),將基于虛擬聚焦的全矩陣成像技術(shù)推廣到疊層結(jié)構(gòu)中應(yīng)用。利用傅里葉變換建立全矩陣采集方式下陣列接收信號(hào)模型的頻域表達(dá)式,采用逐層遞推策略對(duì)疊層結(jié)構(gòu)的陣列接收聲場(chǎng)進(jìn)行頻域重建,并以同樣方法重建陣列發(fā)射聲場(chǎng),使之與接收聲場(chǎng)在感興趣疊層深度上關(guān)聯(lián),進(jìn)而利用虛擬聚焦成像條件以實(shí)現(xiàn)成像點(diǎn)的虛擬聚焦,達(dá)到疊層結(jié)構(gòu)高分辨率全矩陣成像的目的。仿真與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,該技術(shù)能滿足疊層結(jié)構(gòu)相控陣超聲全矩陣成像的應(yīng)用需求,具有較高的成像分辨率和實(shí)時(shí)性。第六章,開(kāi)展相控陣超聲圖像處理技術(shù)的研究,實(shí)現(xiàn)缺陷定量超聲無(wú)損檢測(cè)。在對(duì)相控陣超聲圖像進(jìn)行自適應(yīng)小波閾值消噪、雙線性插值以及形態(tài)學(xué)開(kāi)閉重建等預(yù)處理的基礎(chǔ)上,利用自動(dòng)圖像分割和邊界跟蹤方法確定包含缺陷的圖像區(qū)域,并通過(guò)缺陷區(qū)域局部歸一化及圖像二次分割,獲得缺陷的形狀與尺寸,實(shí)現(xiàn)缺陷的自動(dòng)化定量無(wú)損檢測(cè)。第七章,根據(jù)上述各章節(jié)的相控陣超聲成像檢測(cè)理論與關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的研究成果,開(kāi)展圓柱類部件自動(dòng)化相控陣超聲成像檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)與應(yīng)用的研究。在完成總體方案的設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)上,采用基于PXI總線的虛擬儀器架構(gòu)體系,開(kāi)發(fā)插卡式相控陣超聲檢測(cè)儀器,并結(jié)合機(jī)電一體化技術(shù),完成圓柱類部件自動(dòng)化相控陣超聲成像檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)的研發(fā)。同時(shí),利用所研發(fā)的檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)對(duì)無(wú)縫鋼管開(kāi)展實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)用研究,實(shí)現(xiàn)管類部件的自動(dòng)化相控陣超聲成像檢測(cè),以驗(yàn)證本文相關(guān)理論與技術(shù)的可行性和有效性。第八章,總結(jié)論文取得的研究成果和創(chuàng)新之處,并展望未來(lái)的研究工作。
[Abstract]:Tube, shaft and bar are widely used as cylindrical parts in the national economy, national defense construction and high technology and other related fields. Its quality directly determines the operating performance and service life of the related equipment. It has a strong demand for nondestructive testing technology for a long time. Loss detection technology has the advantages of other methods, especially the phased array ultrasonic technology has the ability of flexible beam synthesis and adaptive control. It can meet the different application requirements and can effectively reduce the detection of dead zone and blind area. It has become one of the hot spots in the field of nondestructive testing, and is driven by the big trend of nondestructive evaluation. The moving direction is moving towards the direction of automatic ultrasonic imaging detection, which has great potential in the quantitative nondestructive testing of cylindrical parts. However, the automatic detection is often carried out in the way of water immersion. The object facing is a layer structure, its acoustic wave propagation characteristics are more complex, acoustic signals are subject to excitation pulses and media. It is also affected by the effect of the interface acoustics, which leads to the complexity of the imaging resolution, and the diffraction effect is aggravated by the transmitting and receiving signals during the movement. The existing phased array ultrasonic imaging technology still has many shortcomings in the imaging resolution and real time, and it is difficult to satisfy the automatic quantitative nondestructive testing of the cylindrical components. Based on the above background, this thesis combines the National Natural Science Foundation Project "theory and Practice Research on high performance automated on-line ultrasonic nondestructive testing based on rotating sound field" (No.51175465), and puts forward the research on the theory and practice of the automatic nondestructive testing of cylindrical parts based on phased array ultrasonic imaging. The research status and development trend of ultrasonic nondestructive testing and phased array ultrasonic imaging are analyzed. On the basis of the mechanism of the phased array ultrasonic imaging detection of cylindrical components, the beam domain adaptive synthesis of phased array ultrasonic beams, the laminated structure phased array ultrasonic sparse inversion imaging and the full matrix frequency domain imaging are carried out. The research of key technology, combined with the image morphological preprocessing and the segmentation method, completes the processing and analysis of the ultrasonic imaging results, and realizes the quantitative nondestructive testing of the defects of the cylindrical parts. At the same time, a set of phased array ultrasonic imaging detection system is developed to meet the application requirements of the quality auto test of seamless steel tubes. The new points are embodied in the following aspects: Chapter 1, the great role of the cylindrical parts in the development of national economy and modern national defense, and the significance of the research on the automatic phased array ultrasonic imaging detection technology for cylindrical components, and the status and development of ultrasonic nondestructive testing and phased array ultrasonic imaging detection technology are analyzed. The trend is to clarify the existing problems of the current phased array ultrasonic imaging detection theory and related technology, and point out the direction for this study. At the same time, the research contents and chapters of this dissertation are arranged. In the second chapter, the theoretical foundation of the phased array ultrasonic imaging detection for cylindrical components is studied. On the basis of the process and its general solution, the propagation mechanism of acoustic wave in the cylindrical medium and the influencing factors of the resolution of ultrasonic imaging are defined, and the acoustic field of the phased array ultrasonic transducer is calculated and analyzed by using the spatial pulse response acoustic model. At the same time, the laminated cylindrical structure is used as the application object to study the ultrasonic incident wave of the phased array. In the third chapter, a beam domain adaptive synthesis technique for phased array ultrasonic beam is proposed to effectively improve the real-time performance of beam adaptive synthesis. The echo signal received by phased array element is converted to beamfield. At the same time, in the beam domain, using the high order power multiplication of the inverse of the signal covariance matrix to approximate the target signal subspace, the weight vector of the beam synthesis is obtained by the minimum variance method, and the optimal weight vector of the beam domain is projected on the above signal subspace and the adaptive beam synthesis is realized. The simulation and experimental results show that this technique is used. On the basis of ensuring the transverse and contrast resolution of phased array ultrasound imaging, the operation can greatly reduce the amount of computation and is beneficial to practical engineering applications. In the fourth chapter, a layered structured phased array ultrasonic sparse inversion imaging technique is proposed to achieve high efficiency and high resolution of phased array ultrasonic imaging of laminated structure based on beamforming. The response method establishes a linear model of phased array ultrasonic imaging with acoustic diffraction and electronic effects. The problem of image reconstruction is transformed into a regularized inversion problem based on the distribution characteristic of defect sparsity. The optimal objective function is constructed with L2 and L1 norm, and the optimal solution is obtained by using the separable approximate sparse reconstruction algorithm, and the high score is obtained quickly. The simulation and experimental results show that the technique can obviously improve the horizontal and longitudinal resolution of phased array ultrasound imaging, and has high imaging real-time performance. In the fifth chapter, a layered structured phased array ultrasonic full matrix imaging technique is proposed, and the full matrix imaging technology based on the virtual focus is extended to the stack. The frequency domain expression of the array receiving signal model under full matrix acquisition is established by Fourier transform, and the array receiving sound field is reconstructed in the frequency domain by the layer by layer recursive strategy, and the array transmitting sound field is reconstructed by the same method, so as to relate the received sound field to the interest layer depth, and then use it. The virtual focusing imaging conditions are used to realize the virtual focus of the imaging points to achieve the purpose of high resolution full matrix imaging of stacked structures. The simulation and experimental results show that the technology can meet the application requirements of the phased array ultrasonic full matrix imaging of the laminated structure, and has high imaging resolution and real-time performance. The sixth chapter is to carry out the phased array ultrasonic image. On the basis of adaptive wavelet threshold de-noising, bilinear interpolation and morphological opening and reconstruction, automatic image segmentation and boundary tracking are used to determine the missing image region, and the local normalization of the defect region is made by using the method of automatic image segmentation and boundary tracking. The shape and size of the defects are obtained by two segmentation and image segmentation. The automatic quantitative nondestructive testing of the defects is realized. In the seventh chapter, according to the research results of the theory and key technology of the phased array ultrasonic imaging detection in the above chapters, the research on the automatic phased array ultrasonic imaging detection system and the application of the cylindrical components is carried out. On the basis of the design of the case, the Virtual Instrument Architecture System Based on PXI bus is used to develop the intercalation phased array ultrasonic testing instrument, and the research and development of the automatic phased array ultrasonic imaging detection system for cylindrical parts is completed with the mechatronics technology. In order to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the related theories and techniques in this paper, the automatic phased array ultrasonic imaging detection of this kind of components is presented to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the related theories and techniques in this paper. The eighth chapter summarizes the achievements and innovations of the thesis, and looks forward to the future research work.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：TG115.285

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